THE ROOTS OF BREXIT: CONFLICT OF IDENTITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

The United Kingdom has been developing due to political compromise that has a positive impact over British political system to solve dichotomy between the principles of Parliament sovereignty and regional home rule. These principles seriously depend on selfidentification processes that reflect significance of Britishness and ethno-national (regional) identities in consciousness and political culture of citizens. Struggle or reconciliation of the identities was complicated after Great Britain had become a member of European Common market. It is evident that European identity has enforced regional ones, for it is better to be a people among other peoples in Europe than just an ethno-national minority in the state. However, Britishness keeps its positions due to British global project, and it was proved by Brexit. Anyway, Brexit revealed demarcation lines, based on identities, and the threat of territorial integrity of the United Kingdom.

1. Alistair C. (2006). Beyond Devolution and Decentralization: Building Regional Capacity in Wales and Brittany. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 208. DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9780719070921.001.0001

2. Buzan B., Weaver O. (2003). Regions and Powers. The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 598. DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511491252

3. Connellan O. (2004). Land Value Taxation in Britain: Experience and Opportunities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. 216.

4. Davies Th. C. (2003). The Irish and Their Nation: a Survey of Recent Attitudes. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 2 (2). 17–36. DOI: 10.1080/14718800308405131

5. European Commission. (2014). Eurobarometer Qualitative Study – The Promise of the EU. European Union. 73. DOI: 10.2775/21479

6. Eremina N. V. (2011). Devolution in the Celtic Regions of the United Kingdom as a Model of State Development. St.-Petersburg: Sankt-Peterburgskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. 238.

7. Eremina N. V. (2011). Political and Legal Mechanism of Devolution in the Celtic Regions of Great Britain. St.-Petersburg.: Sankt-Peterburgskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. 216.

8. Hechter M. (1999). The Celtic Fringe in British National Development. Internal Colonialism. London: Transaction Publishers. 399.

9. Jacquemin A., Wright D. (eds.). (1993). The European Challenges Post-1992. Shaping Factors, Shaping Actors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 480.

10. Jeffery Ch. (2006). Devolution in the United Kingdom: Statehood and Citizenship in Transition. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 36 (1), 3–18. DOI: 10.1093/publius/pjj014

11. Jeffery Ch. (2007). The Unfinished Business of Devolution: Seven Open Questions. Public Policy and Administration, 22 (1). 92–108. DOI: 10.1177/0952076707071506

12. Jeffery Ch. (2009). Devolution in the United Kingdom: Ever Looser Union? The Modern State – Journal for Public Policy, Law and Management, 2 (1). 207–218.

13. Karolewski I. P., Suszycki A. M. (eds.). Nationalism and European Integration: The Need for New Theoretical and Empirical In sights. New York: Continuum. 251.

14. Kumar K. (2003). The Making of English National Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 367.

15. Leoussi A., Grosby St. (eds.). (2006). Nationalism and ethnosymbolism. History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 343.

16. Mackintosh J. P. (1968). The Devolution of Power. London: Charles Knight and Co. 207.

17. Mann R., Fenton S. (2014). English Nationalism and Britishness: Class and Substate National Identities. Garbaye R., Schnapper P. (eds.). The Politics of Ethnic Diversity in the British Isles. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 151–173. DOI: 10.1057/9781137351548_9

18. McGovern L., Murphy M. (2003). Northern Ireland under Devolution: the Challenge of Institutional Adaptation to EU Policy Formulation. Regional and Federal Studies, 13(1). 81–99. DOI: 10.1080/714004788

19. McTavish D. (2016). Political Parties in Scotland. Politics in Scotland. London: Routledge. 295.

20. Mitchell J. (2014). The Scottish question. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 308. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688654.001.0001

21. Nugent N. (ed.). (2004). European Union Enlargement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 308. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-08143-8

22. Ragin Ch. C. (1979). Ethnic Political Mobilization. The Welsh Case. American Sociological Review, 44 (4). 619–635. DOI: 10.2307/2094591

23. Sandhya J. (2016). Brexit: Harbinger of an Unexpected New World Order. Strategic Analysis, 41 (1). 110–117. DOI: 10.1080/09700161.2016.1249187

24. Trench A. (ed.) (2004). Introduction: has Devolution Made a Difference? The State of the Nations. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. 291.

25. Trench A. (2004). The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same: Intergovernmental Relations Four Years On. Has Devolution Made a Difference? The State of the Nations 2004. Imprint Academic. 165–189.

26. Ward P. (2004). Britishness Since 1870. London: Routledge. 252. DOI: 10.4324/9780203494721

27. Wolff St. (2007). Ethnic Conflict. A Global Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 266.