Legal Comparative Studies in Russia: History and Current Situation
Abstract
The authors carry out a periodization of the Russian comparative jurisprudence and development of comparative legal studies, starting from the pre-revolutionary (imperial) period and up to the present day. The uniqueness of the theoretical and methodological approaches of the Russian comparative school in the modern and current periods is established. Special emphasis was placed on comparative jurisprudence in the so-called post-reform epochs, in both Imperial and Soviet Russia, due to the need for reception and implementation of new legal concepts, principles and institutions of law. The authors highlight the specifics of the Russian-language conceptual and categorical apparatus and the functions of legal comparative studies. The traditional issues of the object, methods and goals are considered in the context of the development of Russian comparative science at the turn of two centuries. The article analyzes the allocation of sectoral and institutional directions in comparative legal science, their practical significance and methods of conducting such research at the level of individual legal structures and institutions.
About the Authors
A. A. MalinovskyRussian Federation
Aleksey A. Malinovsky – DSc in Law, Professor, Head, Department of Theory of Law and Comparative Law
119454, Vernadskogo Av., 76, Moscow
E. N. Trikoz
Russian Federation
Elena N. Trikoz – PhD in Law, Assistant Professor, Department of Theory of Law and Comparative Law
119454, Vernadskogo Av., 76, Moscow;
117198, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow
References
1. Aparova T.V. (1968). The Main Historical Tendencies of English Case Law. Scientific Notes of VYuZI. Issue 17. Part III. 3 (in Russian).
2. Aparova T.V. (1976). Precedent in Modern English Law and Judicial Law-making. Proceedings of VNIISZ. Issue 6 (in Russian).
3. Archer P. (1959). English Judicial System, Moscow: Foreign Literature Publishing House (in Russian).
4. Baglai M.V., Leibo Yu.I., Entin L.M. (eds.) (2004). Constitutional Law of Foreign Countries, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
5. Bartlett R. et al. (1990). A History of Law: England and Russia, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
6. Berman G.J. (1998). Western Legal Tradition: Th e Era of Formation = Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition, Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow State University; Norm (in Russian).
7. Bezbakh V.V., Puchinsky V.K. (eds.) (2004). Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign Countries, Moscow: MCFER (in Russian).
8. Bobotov S.V., Zhigachev I.Yu. (1997). An Introduction to the US Legal System, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
9. Boronbekov S. (1994). Modern Criminal Law Systems and Schools, Ryazan: RVSh of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (in Russian).
10. Boytsova V.V., Boytsova L.V. (1998). Legal System of the Netherlands, Moscow: Mirror (in Russian).
11. Bromhead P. (1978). The Evolution of the British Constitution, Moscow: Legal literature (in Russian).
12. Brown A.N. (1974). S.E. Desnitsky, Adam Smith and the «Nakaz» of Cather- ine II. Oxford Slavonic Papers, vol. 7, rr. 42-44.
13. Burnham W. (2006). US Legal System, Moscow: New justice (in Russian).
14. Butler W.E. (2009). Russia and the Law of Nations in Historical Perspective, Wildy, Simmonds & Hill.
15. Butler W.E. (2021). Russian Law and Legal Institutions, Clark, New Jersey: Talbot Publishing.
16. Charles R. (1959). Muslim Law, Moscow: Publishing house of foreign literature (in Russian).
17. Chestnov I.L. (2007). Multiculturalism and Law. Problems of European Integration: Legal and Cultural Aspects: Collection of Articles, Saint Petersburg: Asterion, pp. 29-33 (in Russian).
18. Chestnov I.L. (2012). Postclassical Theory of Law, Saint Petersburg: ALEF-Press (in Russian).
19. Chkhikvadze V.M., Zivs S.L. (1966). Comparative Jurisprudence in the Practice of International Scientific Cooperation. Soviet State and Law, no 2, pp. 12-19 (in Russian).
20. Constantinesco L.-J. (1981). Development of Comparative Law. Essays on Comparative Law: Collection, Moscow: Progress, pp. 104-152 (in Russian).
21. Danielyan A.S. (2018). Th e Legal System of Israel as a Phenomenon of a Mixed Legal Family, Moscow: Jurlitinform (in Russian).
22. David R. (1967). Basic Legal Systems of Our Time, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
23. David R., Joffre-Spinozi K. (1996). Basic Legal Systems of Our Time, Moscow: International relations (in Russian).
24. Denisenko V.V., Trikoz E.N. (2018). Typology of Mixed Legal Systems. Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, no 2(42), pp. 29-37 (in Russian).
25. Denisov V.N. (1978). Legal Systems of Developing Countries: Formation and Development of Legal Systems of African Countries Liberated from British Imperialism, Kiev (in Russian).
26. Denisov V.N. (1985). To the Criticism of the Bourgeois Concepts of Comparative Jurisprudence. Modern Bourgeois Political and Legal Ideology: A Critical Analysis (eds. Zabigajlo V.K., Kozyubra N.I., Tumanov V.A.), Kiev: Naukova Dumka, pp. 158-187 (in Russian).
27. Desnitskiy S.E. (1871). Legal Reasoning about Different Concepts that Peoples Have about Property Ownership in Different States of Community (in Russian).
28. Dodonov V.N. (2009). Comparative Criminal Law. A Common Part: Monograph, Moscow: Jurlitinform (in Russian).
29. Dodonov V.N., Kapinus O.S., Shcherba S.P. (2010). Comparative Criminal Law. Special Part: Monograph, Moscow: Jurlitinform (in Russian).
30. Dozhdev D.V., Efremova N.N. (2000).
31. Establishment of the Russian Association for Comparative Law. State and Law, no 9, p. 94 (in Russian).
32. Eliseev N.G. (2004). Civil Procedural Law of Foreign Countries: Textbook MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow: Prospect (in Russian).
33. Elon M. (2002). Jewish Law, Saint Petersburg: Legal Center Press (in Russian).
34. Ennekzerus L. (1949-1950).The Course of German Civil Law, Moscow: Publishing house of foreign literature (in Russian).
35. Eremin V.N. (2010). History of the Legal System of Japan, Moscow: ROSSPEN (in Russian).
36. Esakov G.A. (2007). Fundamentals of Comparative Criminal Law: Monograph, Moscow: Elite (in Russian).
37. Fayziev M.M. (1978). Application of the Comparative Method in the Study of State and Legal Construction of the Union Republics, Tashkent (in Russian).
38. Feldshtein G.S. (2003). The Main Trends in the History of Science of Criminal Nature in Russia, Moscow: Mirror (in Russian).
39. Foinitskiy I.Ya. (1881). Exile in the West in Its Historical Development and Current State, Saint Petersburg: Type. M. Stasyulevich (in Russian).
40. Friedman L. (1993). Introduction to American Law, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
41. Gavrilov V.V. (2005). Concept and Interaction of International and National Legal Systems, Vladivostok: Far East publishing house (in Russian).
42. Golovko L.V., Gutsenko K.F., Filimonov B.A. (2002). Criminal Procedure of Western States Textbook for Law Schools, Moscow: Mirror-M (in Russian).
43. Goykhbarg A.G. (1927). Comparative Family Law, Moscow: Jurid. publishing house of the NKYu RSFSR (in Russian).
44. Gudoshnikov L.M., Troshchinsky P.V. (2012). Modern Law of the People's Republic of China, Moscow: IFES RAS (in Russian).
45. Ikonickaya I.A., Krasnov N.I., Kudryavcev V.N., Pavlova E.I., Tumanov V.A. (eds.) (1981). Problems of Comparative Jurisprudence (Based on the materials of the VI Soviet-French Symposium of Lawyers), Moscow: Publishing house IGP AN SSSR (in Russian).
46. Inako Ts. (1981). Modern Law of Japan, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
47. International Conference on Comparative Law (1970). Soviet State and Law, no 1, pp. 140-141 (in Russian).
48. Isaev M.A. (1993). Scandinavian Model of the Rule of Law, Moscow: Institute of Europe RAS (in Russian).
49. Isaev M.A. (2002). Foundations of Danish Constitutional Law, Moscow: MGIMO (in Russian).
50. Ishanov A.I. (ed.) (1974). Problems of a Comparative Study of the Legislation of the Union Republics, Tashkent: Fan (in Russian).
51. Ivanov S.A. et al. (eds.) (1987). USSR-France: Sociological and International Legal Aspects of Comparative Jurisprudence: Collection of Articles, Moscow: IGPAN (in Russian).
52. Jenks E. (1947). English Law: Sources of Law. Judicial System. Legal Proceedings. Criminal Law. Civil Law, Moscow: Jurid. publishing house (in Russian).
53. Kanevsky A.A. (2020). Stateless Jewish Law. History and Modernity. Tutorial, Moscow: INFRA-M (in Russian).
54. Karlen D. (1972). American Courts: System and Personnel: Organization of Justice in the United States, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
55. Karnaushenko L.V., Trikoz E.N., Shvets A.A. (2020). The Legal System of Japan: Past and Present, Krasnodar: Publishing house of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (in Russian).
56. Karnaushenko L.V., Trikoz E.N., Shvets A.A., Yablonsky I.V. (2019). Legal Systems of the States of the Commonwealth of Nations (Australia, Canada, India), Krasnodar: Publishing house of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (in Russian).
57. Khabrieva T.Ya. (ed.) (2018-2021). Constitutions of the States of Africa and Oceania: Collection. Vol. 1: North and Central Africa. Moscow, 2018; Vol. 2: East Africa. Moscow, 2018; Vol. 3: South Africa. Moscow, 2019; Vol. 4: West Africa. Mos- cow, 2021 (in Russian).
58. Khabrieva T.Ya., Chirkin V.E. (2018). “Color Revolutions” and “Arab Spring” in the Constitutional Dimension. Political Science and Legal Research, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
59. Khalfina R.O. (1971). Treaty in English Law, Moscow: Science (in Russian).
60. Kiselev I.Ya. (1999). Comparative and International Labor Law, Moscow: Business (in Russian).
61. Kiselev I.Ya. (2005). Comparative Labor Law: Textbook, Moscow: Publishing house Prospect (in Russian).
62. Komarov A.S., Kostin A.A., Zimenkova O.N., Vershinina E.V. (eds.) (2019). Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign States: Textbook in 2 vols. T. 1: General part, Moscow: Statute (in Russian).
63. Korolev S.V. (1998). Comparative Studies of Public Law, Moscow: Teler (in Russian).
64. Kosarev A.I. (1965). On the Use of the Comparative Method in Historical and Legal Research. Soviet State and Law, no 3, pp. 78-86 (in Russian).
65. Kosarev A.I. (1977). Anglo-Saxon and Romano-Germanic Forms of Bourgeois Law, Kalinin: Kalinin. un-t (in Russian).
66. Kovalevsky M.M. (1880). Historical-comparative Method in Jurisprudence and Methods of Studying the History of Law, Moscow: Type. F.B. Miller (in Russian).
67. Kovalevsky M.M. (1890). Law and Custom in the Caucasus: Vols. 1-2, Moscow: Type. A.I. Mamontov and Kº (in Russian).
68. Kozlov V.A. (1976). Problems of Comparative Law. Jurisprudence, no 5, pp. 17-24 (in Russian).
69. Kozochkin I.D., Trikoz E.N. (2008). Criminal Legislation of Australia. Criminal Legislation of Russia and Asia-Pacific Countries: Comparative Research, Vladivostok: Far East Publishing House. un-that, pp. 158-164 (in Russian).
70. Krasheninnikova N.A. (1982). Hindu Law: History and Modernity, Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow State University (in Russian).
71. Krasheninnikova N.A. (2009). Legal Culture of Contemporary India: Innovative and Traditional Traits, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
72. Krasheninnikova N.A., Trikoz E.N. (2021). Ancient Eastern Problems in the Scientific Heritage of Professor O.A. Zhidkova. History of State and Law, no 4, pp. 9-15 (in R ussian). https://doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2021-4-9-15
73. Krasnyansky V.E. (1969). Classification of Legal Systems. Jurisprudence, no 5, pp. 41-46 (in Russian).
74. Krasnyansky V.E. (1970). Elements of the Comparative Legal Method. Jurisprudence, no 3, pp. 25-31 (in Russian).
75. Kresin A.V. (2012). Formation of Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Comparative Jurisprudence in the Works of Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach. Journal of Foreign Law and Comparative Law, no 1, pp. 69-83. Available at: https://www.nbpublish.com/library_get_pdf.php?id=18084, accessed 15.11.2021 (in Russian).
76. Kresin A.V., Salomatin A.Yu. (2013). Comparative Jurisprudence. Part 2. Th e Dynamics of the Development of Comparative Jurisprudence, Penza (in Russian).
77. Krylov B.S. (ed.) (1986). Stremholm S., Nyuman O., Jagerskjold S. et al. Introduction to Swedish Law, Moscow: Jurid. literature (in Russian).
78. Kucherov I.I. (2003). Tax Law of Foreign Countries. Lecture Course, Moscow: Center YurInfoR (in Russian).
79. Kudryavtsev V.N., Tumanov V.A. (1979). To the Results of the X International Congress of Comparative Law. Soviet State and Law, no 4, pp. 57-63 (in Russian).
80. Kurbanov R.A., Gurbanov R.A. (2019). Judicial Systems of Europe and Eurasia: Scientific and Encyclopedic Edition: in 3 vols., Moscow: Prospect (in Russian).
81. Lafitsky V.I. (1998). Fundamentals of the US Constitutional System, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
82. Lafitsky V.I. (ed.) (2012-2013). Comparative Jurisprudence: National Legal Systems. Vol. 1: Legal Systems of Eastern Europe; Vol. 2: Legal Systems of Western Europe; Vol. 3: Legal systems of Asia, Moscow: Legal fi rm “Contract” (in Russian).
83. Likhachev V.A. (1974). Criminal Law in the Independent Countries of Africa, Moscow: Science (in Russian).
84. Lisnevsky E.V. (1975). History of State and Law of Great Britain, Rostov n/D: Publishing house (in Russian).
85. Makhnenko A.Kh. (1964). On the Method of Comparative Jurisprudence in the Science of State and Law. Soviet State and Law, no 3, pp. 23-35 (in Russian).
86. Maksimmeiko N. (1898). Comparative Study of the History of Law: Introductory Lecture. Notes of Kharkov University. Issue 1, pp. 1-14 (in Russian).
87. Malinovskaya N.V. (2009). Postmodernity and Its Influence on the Understanding of Law. Vestnik VSU. Series: Law, no 2, pp. 78-90 (in Russian).
88. Malinovsky A.A. (2004). Comparative Criminal Law: Textbook, Moscow: Jurlitinform (in Russian).
89. Marchenko M.N. (2001). Basic Principles of Jewish Law. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. Issue 1, pp. 65-77 (in Russian).
90. Marchenko M.N. (2009). Legal Systems of the Modern World: Tutorial, Moscow: Mirror-M (in Russian).
91. Marginani B. (2008). Hideya. Commentaries of Islamic law. In 2 books. Vol. I-IV, Moscow: Walters Kluver (in Russian).
92. Mishin A.A. (2013). Constitutional (State) Law of Foreign Countries: Textbook for universities, Moscow: Statute (in Russian).
93. Mozolin V.P. (1979). Personality, Law, Economics of Modern India, Moscow: Science (in Russian).
94. Muromtsev G.I. (1987). Sources of Law in Developing Countries of Asia and Africa: System and Influence of Tradition, Moscow: Publishing house of UDN (in Russian).
95. Muromtsev G.I. (1999). Basic Legal Systems of the Past and Present. Problems of the General Theory of Law and State (ed. Nersesyants V.S.), Moscow: Norma, pp. 281-306 (in Russian).
96. Muromtsev G.I. (2013). Legal Systems and Legal Cultures in Comparative Legal Research. Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences, no 4, pp. 158-165. Available at: http://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/5787, accessed 15.11.2021 (in Russian).
97. Nemytina M.V. (2013). Comparative Legal Research and Typology of Legal Culture. Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences, no 4, pp. 166-173. Available at: http://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/5788, accessed 15.11.2021 (in Russian).
98. Nersesyants V.S., Muromtsev G.I., Maltsev G.I. et al. (2002) Law and Culture: Monograph, Moscow: Publishing house of RUDN (in Russian).
99. Novgorodtsev P.I. (1896). Historical School of Lawyers, Its Origin and Fate: The Experience of Characterizing the Foundations of the Savigny School in Their Successive Development, Moscow (in Russian).
100. Oksamytny V.V. (1995). Comparative Jurisprudence: Current State and Development Trends. Russian Legislation: Problems and Prospects (ed. Okunkov L.A.), Moscow: Beck, pp. 440-473 (in Russian).
101. Oksamytny V.V. (2015). Legal Comparative Studies: A Tutorial, Moscow: UNITI (in Russian).
102. Orlov A.G., Kremianskaya E.A. (eds.) (2103). Modern Foreign Electoral Law: Monograph, Moscow: MGIMO-University (in Russian).
103. Osakwe K. (2000). Comparative Jurisprudence in Schemes. General and Special Parts: Educational and Practical Guide, Moscow: RANEPA; Delo (in Russian).
104. Osakwe K. (2008) Comparative Jurisprudence: Schematic Commentary, Moscow: Yurist (in Russian).
105. Pashentsev D.A. (2016). “Color Revolutions” as a Result of Information Wars: State-Legal Dimension. Russian Journal of Legal Studies, no 1(6), pp. 113-117 (in Russian).
106. Pavlova N.G. (2009). Features of Latin American Legal Culture. Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences, no 5, pp. 125-130. Available at: https://cyberlen-inka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-latinoam-erikanskoy-pravovoy-kultury/viewer, accessed 15.11.2021(in Russian).
107. Platonova N.V. (2015). Philosophy of Law in the Postmodern Era. Culture, Spirituality, Society, no 19, pp. 569-574. Available at: https://readera.org/ekonomika-so-cium/2015-3-2-16, accessed 15.11.2021 (in Russian).
108. Puchinsky V.K. (1974). English Civil Procedure: Basic Concepts, Principles and Institutions, Moscow: Publishing house of UDN (in Russian).
109. Puchinsky V.K. (2008). Civil Procedure of Foreign Countries, Moscow: Mirror (in Russian).
110. Rakitskaya I.A. (2001). Forms of Parliamentary Control in the Scandinavian Countries and Finland, Moscow: MGIMO (in Russian).
111. Reshetnikov F.M. (1993). Legal Systems of the World: A Handbook, Moscow: Legal literature (in Russian).
112. Rozhkovsky V.L. (2018.) The Phenomenon of Postmodernity and the Idea of Law. PhilosophyofLaw,no4(87), pp.31-35. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fenomen-postmoderna-i-ideya-prava/viewer, accessed 15.11.2021 (in Russian).
113. Rusinova S.I. (1974). Soviet Science of Constitutional Law and Comparative Jurisprudence. Bulletin of Leningrad State University. Series: Economy. Philosophy. Law. Issue 3, pp. 111-117 (in Russian).
114. Sadagdar M.I. (1968). Fundamentals of Muslim Law, Moscow: Publishing house of UDN (in Russian).
115. Saidov A.Kh. (1993). Comparative Jurisprudence and Legal Geography of the World, Moscow: Publishing house IGiP RAS (in Russian).
116. Saidov A.Kh. (2003). Comparative Jurisprudence (Main Legal Systems of Our Time): Textbook, Moscow: Yurist (in Russian).
117. Saidov A.Kh. (2006). Comparative Jurisprudence, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
118. Schönberger Ch. (2011). Verwaltungs-rechtsvergleichung: Eigenheiten, Methoden und Geschichte. Ius Publicum Europaeum, Band IV. Verwaltungsrecht in Europa: Wissenschaft (hrsg. Armin von Bog- dandy, Sabino Cassese, Peter Michael), Müller, rr. 493-540.
119. Shebanov A.F. (ed.) (1971). Problems of State and Law of the Countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Proceedings of Peoples Friendship University named after Patrice Lumumba. T. 54, Moscow: Publish- ing house of the UDN (in Russian).
120. Shumilov V.M. (2006). US Legal System, Moscow: International relations (in Russian). Shumilov V.M., Akchurin T.F. (2019). US Legal System, Moscow: International relations (in Russian).
121. Shvydak N.G. (1997). Unification of the Law of the Benelux Countries. Journal of Russian Law, no 10, pp. 98-105 (in Russian).
122. Sinitsyna I.E. (1989). Man and Family in Africa. Based on the Materials of Customary Law, Moscow: Science (in Russian).
123. Stalev J. (1978). Comparative Method in Socialist Legal Science. Comparative Jurisprudence: Digest of articles, Moscow: Progress, pp. 15-53 (in Russian).
124. Strashun B.A. (2000). Constitutional (State Law) of Foreign Countries: Textbook in 4 vols., Moscow: Publishing house BEK (in Russian).
125. Sukhanov E.A. (2006). On the Types of Transactions in German and Russian Law. Bulletin of Civil Law, no 2, pp. 5-26 (in Russian).
126. Sukharev A.Ya. (ed.) (2003). Legal Systems of the Countries of the World: Encyclopedic Reference Book, Moscow: Norma-Infra (in Russian).
127. Supataev M.A. (1989). Law in Modern Africa (Main Features and Development Trends), Moscow: Science (in Russian).
128. Supataev M.A. (1998). Culturology and Law (Based on the Material of the Countries of Tropical Africa), Moscow: Science (in Russian).
129. Syukiyainen L.R. (1976). Muslim Law in the Legal Systems of the Countries of the Arab East. State and Law in Developing Countries: Collection of Articles, Moscow: Science, pp. 41-64 (in Russian).
130. Syukiyainen L.R. (1986). Muslim Law. Questions of Theory and Practice, Moscow: Science (in Russian).
131. Syukiyainen L.R. (1997). Sharia and Muslim Legal Culture, Moscow: IGP RAS (in Russian).
132. Tagantsev N.S. (1902). Russian Criminal Law. General part: lectures. Vol. 1, Saint Petersburg: State type (in Russian).
133. Taranovsky F.V. (1902). Comparative Jurisprudence at the End of the XIX Century, Warsaw: type. Warsaw study. districts (in Russian).
134. Tikhomirov Yu.A. (1979). The Legal System of a Developed Socialist Society. Soviet State and Law, no 7, pp. 31-39 (in Russian).
135. Tikhomirov Yu.A. (1996). Course in Comparative Law, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
136. Tikhomirov Yu.A. (2006). Comparative Jurisprudence: Development of Concepts and Social Practice. Journal of Russian Law, no 6, pp. 3-15 (in Russian).
137. Tille A.A. (1975). Socialist Comparative Law, Moscow: Legal literature (in Russian).
138. Tille A.A., Shvekov G.V. (1978). Comparative Method in Legal Disciplines, Moscow: Higher school (in Russian).
139. Tolstopyatenko G.P. (2001). European Tax Law (Comparative Legal Study), Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
140. Tomsinov V.A. (1981). Sources of British “Colonial Law” in Tropical Africa (early XIX - mid XX century): Dis. ... cand. jurid. sciences. Moscow: UDN (in Russian).
141. Tomsinov V.A. (2007). Russian Jurists of the XVIII - XX Centuries: Essays on Life and Work: in 2 vols., Vol. 1, Moscow: Mirror (in Russian).
142. Tomsinov V.A. (2010). Legal Education and Jurisprudence in Russia in the 18th century, Moscow: Mirror-M (in Russian).
143. Trefilov A.A. (2016). Criminal Procedure of Foreign Countries, Moscow: NIP-KTS Voskhod-A (in Russian).
144. Trikoz E.N. (2006). Crimes against the Peace and Security of Humanity: Comparative and International Legal Aspects: Monograph, Moscow: Jurlitinform (in Russian).
145. Trikoz E.N. (2020). Military Estate Codifications in Medieval Japan (the era of the fi rst shogunates). Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences, vol. 24, no 4, pp. 965-984 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-4-965-984
146. Trikoz E.N., Krasheninnikova N.A. (2020). Comparative Criminal Law (India): A University Study Guide, Moscow: Yurayt (in Russian).
147. Troshchinsky P.V. (2016). The Legal System of China, Moscow: Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
148. Troshchinsky P.V. (2020). Evolution of the Legal System of the People's Republic of China (1949-2018): Historical and Legal Aspect, Moscow: VKN (in Russian).
149. Tumanov V.A. (ed.) (1978). Comparative Jurisprudence: Collection of Articles, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
150. Tumanov V.A. (ed.) (1981). Essays on Comparative Law: Collection of Articles, Moscow: Progress (in Russian).
151. Ulyanovskiy R.A. (ed.) (1969). Law in the Independent Countries of Africa (Formation and Development), Moscow: Science (in Russian).
152. Van den Berg L.V.S. (2005). Basic Principles of Muslim Law According to the Teachings of the Imams Abu Hanifa and Shafi'I, Moscow: Natalis (in Russian).
153. Vasiliev A.M. (ed.) (1986). The Legal System of Socialism: Concept, Structure, Social Connections: in 2 books, Moscow: Legal literature (in Russian).
154. Vasiliev E.A. (ed.) (1992). Civil and Commercial Law of Capitalist States, Moscow: International relations (in Russian).
155. Vasiliev E.A., Komarov A.S. (eds.) (2004-2005). Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign States: in 2 volumes, Moscow: International relations (in Russian).
156. Vorobyov V.P., Vorob'eva E.V. (2008). Supreme Court in The Constitutional Legal System of the State of Israel, Moscow: MGIMO Publishing House (in Russian).
157. Zagoskin N.P. (1891). Science of the History of Russian Law. Her Background Knowledge, Sources and Literature, Kazan: N.A. Ilyashenko (in Russian).
158. Zagryadskiy G.V. (1995). Legal Systems of the Present, Moscow: MUI (in Russian).
159. Zakharova M.V. (2005). Legal Custom and Modernization in Law: On the Materials of Francophone Africa and Madagascar: Dis. ...cand. jurid. sciences. Moscow (in Russian).
160. Zakharova M.V. (2014). The French Legal System: A Th eoretical Analysis, Moscow: Prospect (in Russian).
161. Zalessky V.V. (ed.) (1999). The Main Institutions of Civil Law in Foreign Countries: A Comparative Legal Study, Moscow: Norma (in Russian).
162. Zenin I.A. (2018). Civil and Commercial Law of Foreign Countries: Textbook and Workshop for Undergraduate and Graduate Programs, Moscow: Yurayt (in Russian).
163. Zhalinsky A.E. (2006). Modern German Criminal Law, Moscow: Prospect (in Russian).
164. Zhalinsky A., Roericht A. (2001). Introduction to German Law, Moscow: Spark (in Russian).
165. Zhidkov O.A. (1965). History of State and Law of the Ancient East, Moscow: Publishing house of the University of Friendship of Peoples (in Russian).
166. Zhidkov O.A. (1967). History of State and Law of Latin American Countries, Moscow: Publishing house of the University of Friendship of Peoples (in Russian).
167. Zhidkov O.A. (1977). History and Experience of the Development of Legal Systems. Peaceful Coexistence and Socio-Political Development, Moscow: Institute of State and Law. Soviet Association of Political Sciences, pp. 101-107 (in Russian).
168. Zhidkov O.A. (1988). Civil and Family Law of Developing Countries. Civil Codes of Latin America, Moscow: Publishing house of the University of Friendship of Peoples (in Russian).
169. Zivs S.L. (1964). On the Method of Comparative Research in the Science of State and Law. Soviet State and Law, no 3, pp. 23-35 (in Russian).
170. Zweigert K., Kötz H. (1995). Introduction to Comparative Jurisprudence in Private Law: In 2 vols. T. I.: Basics; T. II: Contract. Unjust enrichment. Delict, Moscow: International relations (in Russian).
Review
For citations:
Malinovsky A.A., Trikoz E.N. Legal Comparative Studies in Russia: History and Current Situation. Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law. 2021;14(6):43-72. (In Russ.)
ISSN 2587-9324 (Online)