Russian Arctic: The Logic and Paradoxes of Changes

The paper contemplates massive transformation processes in the Russian Arctic zone, identified by the authors as the “re-development” of the Arctic, which integrate resource-intensive but necessary exploitation of the huge “Soviet legacy” and construction of the novel industrial and social facilities and infrastructure. The key role of Russian Arctic “re-development” as the most appropriate model at the country and regional levels is substantiated. The success of the Arctic development will depend to a decisive extent on the advanced revision of the basic provisions of the current state of industrial, energy, transport, demographic, etc policies. The paradoxes of the demographic situation in the Russian Arctic are considered and the directions of the organization of health care system in this macro-region are introduced taking into account: (a) specificity of the urbanized and rural areas in the Western and Eastern (beyond the Urals) parts of the Russian Arctic; (b) specific needs for medical service provided to miners and metal workers, servicemen, sailors and shift workers as well as communities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. Peculiarities of interaction between the state policy and that of the big corporations in the Arctic are disclosed including those concerning climatic risks mitigation. Given this perspective the public policy measures to regulate greenhouse gas emissions proposed by the Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation are critically assessed. In conclusion, the consistency of recent changes in the development policy in the Russian Arctic that should result in organization of a special Federal ministry for the Arctic is substantiated.

Arctic, re-development, population, indigenous minority people

1. ACIA. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (2005), Cambridge University Press.

2. Аganbegyan А.G. (1984) Development of Natural Resources of the Arctic Zone of the USSR. Bulletin of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. History, Philology and philosophy series Issue 2, no 9, pp. 6–15 (in Russian).

3. Аntyuganov S.N., Ryazanova А.G., Eremenko E.I., Kulichenko А.N. (2012) Anthrax in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, no 5, pp. 4–8. Available at: https://epidemiology-journal.ru/ru/archive/article/11451, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

4. Backus G. (2015) Arctic 2030: What Are the Consequences of Climate Change? The US Response. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 68, no 4, pp. 9–16. DOI: 10 1177/0096340212451568

5. Belov M.I. (1969) Scientific and Economic Development of the Soviet North. 1933-1945, Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat (in Russian).

6. Carson M., Peterson G. (eds.) (2016) Arctic Council. Arctic Resilience Report, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.

7. Chashchin V .P ., Gudkov А.B., Popova О.N., Odland J.Ö., Kovshov А.А. (2014) Description of Main Health Deterioration Risk Factors for Population Living on Territories of Active Natural Management in the Arctic Human Ecology, no 1, pp. 3–12. Available at: https://journals eco-vector.com/1728-0869/article/ view/17269/13802, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

8. Dymnikov V .P ., Lykosov V .N., Volodin E.M. (2012) Modeling Climate and Its Changes: Current Problems Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 82, no 2, pp. 111–119. DOI: 10.1134/S1019331612020037

9. Hinzman L.D., Deal C.J., McGuire A.D., Mernild S.H., Polyakov I.V ., Walsh J.E. (2013) Traectory of the Arctic as an Integrated System. Ecological Applications, vol. 23, no 8, рр. 1837–1868. DOI: 10.1890/11-1498.1

10. Isakov V .B. (2016) Legal Analytics, Мoscow: Norma, Infrа-M (in Russian).

11. Ivanter V .V ., Leksin V .N., Porfiryev B.N. (2014) The Arctic Megaproject in the System of State Interests and Public Administration. Problem Analysis and Public Administration Projection, no 6, pp. 6–24. Available at: https://centerojournal.ru/wpcontent/uploads/2016/12/Jurnal6_2014. pdf, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

12. Kasikov А.G. (2017) Particulate Emissions from Copper-nickel Production and the Consequences of Their Impact on Human Body in the Far North. Herald of the Kola Science Centre of the RAS, no 4, pp. 58– 63. Available at: https://www.ksc.ru/issledovaniya/zhurnaly/vestnik/arkhiv-nomerov/, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

13. Kurkatov S.V ., Tikhonova I.V ., Ivanova O.Yu. (2015) Assessment of the Risk of Environmental Atmospheric Pollu tants for the Health of the Population of the City of Norilsk. Gigiena i Sanitariya, no 2, pp. 28–31. Available at: https://www.rosmedlib.ru/doc/0016-99002-SCN0006.html, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

14. Larsen J.N., Anisimov O.A., Constable A., Hollowed A.B., Maynard N., Prestrud P ., Prowse T.D., Stone J.M.R. (2014) Polar Regions Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [eds. Barros V .R., Field C.B., Dokken D.J., Mastrandrea M.D., Mach K.J., Bilir T.E., Chatterjee M., Ebi K.L., Estrada Y .O., Genova R.C., Girma B., Kissel E.S., Levy A.N., MacCracken S., Mastrandrea P .R., White L.L.], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1567–1612.

15. Leksin V.N. (2018) Socio-Economic Problems of the Russian Arctic Between Past and Future Rossijskij ekonomicheskij zhurnal, no 5, pp. 3–2. Available at: http://www.re-j.ru/archive/2018/5/article_536, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

16. Leksin V .N., Porfiryev B.N. (2015) Redevelopment of the Russian Arctic: Issues of Methodology and Organization. Rossijskij ekonomicheskij zhurnal, no 2, pp. 84–104. Available at: http://www.re-j. ru/archive/2015/2/article_324, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

17. Leksin V .N., Porfiryev B.N. (2018) Russian Arctic Today: Substantive Novelties and Legal Collisions Economy of Region, vol. 14, no 4, pp. 1117–1130 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17059/2018-4-5

18. Leksin I.V . (2014) Territorial Structure of Russia: Constitutional and Legal Problems, Мoscow: LENAND (in Russian).

19. Moskaleva V ., Osipov I.A., Eremenko G., Hirshberg D., Kullerud L., Radford G., Herzog Ch (2016) Arctic Research Publications: Scholarly Output Trends Using the Russian Index of Scientific Citations. A Working Paper. Digital Science. Available at: http//www.uarctic. org/media/1598055/rincpublications_rus. pdf, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

20. Meleshko.V.P.,.Johannessen.O.M.,.Baidin.A.V.,.Pavlova.T.V.,.Govorkova.V.A.(2016).Arctic.Amplification:.Does.It.Impact.the.Polar.Jet.Stream?.Tellus..Series.A..Dynamic.Meteorology.and.Oceanography,.vol.68,.pp.1–11.DOI:.10.3402/tellusa.v68.32330.

21. Narutto.S.V.,.Shugrina.E.S.,.Isaev.I.А.,.Аlebastrova.I.А.(2013).Territory.in.Public.Law,.Мoscow:.Norma,.Infrа-M.(in.Russian).

22. Nikanov.А.N.,.Chashhin.V.P.,.Gudkov.А.B.,.Dorofeev.V.M.,.Sturlis.N.V.,.Karnachev.P.I.(2018).Medico-demographic.Indicators.and.Formation.of.Labor.Potential.in.the.Russian.Arctic.(in.the.Context.of.Murmansk.Region).Human.Ecology,.no.1,.pp.15–19.Available.at:.https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-0869/article/.view/16726/13259,.accessed.12.12.2019.(in.Russian).

23. Norilsk Nickel: The Soviet Legacy of Industrial Pollution (2010), Bellona Foundation (in Russian).

24. Popova A.Y.(2017) Hygienic Aspects of Ensuring Human Health Safety in the Development and Development of the Russian Arctic Problems of Preserving Health and Ensuring Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population in the Arctic. Materials of Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation 5-6 October 2017 St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg: Kosta, pp. 5–7 (in Russian).

25. Porfiryev B.N. (ed.) (2017) Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Arctic in the Context of Global Climate Change: Monograph, Мoscow: Nauchnyj konsul’tant (in Russian).

26. Porfiryev B.N. (ed.) (2018) Socio-Economic Problems of the Russian Arctic in Research Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences: History, Present, Prospects, Мoscow: Nauchnyj konsul’tant (in Russian).

27. Post E., Forchhammer M.C., BretHarte M.S., Callaghan T.V ., Christensen T.R., Elberling B. (2009) Ecological Dynamics Across the Arctic Associated with Recent Climate Change Science, vol. 325, no 5946, pp. 1355–1358. DOI: 10.1126/science.1173113

28. Skripal’ B.A. (2016) Health State and Morbidity of Underground Mines in Mining Chemical Enterprise in Arctic Area of Russian Federation. Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no 6, pp. 23–26. Available at: https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/473/463, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

29. Syurin S.А., Skripal’ B.А., Nikanov А.N. (2017) Length of Employment as a Risk Factor for Health Problems in Miners of the Kola Polar Region. Human Ecology, no 3, pp. 15–20. Available at: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1728-0869/article/ view/16820/13353, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

30. Timoshenko А.I. (2010) Soviet Initiatives in the Arctic in the 1920s (On the issue of strategic continuity).Humanitarian Sciences in Siberia, no 2, pp. 48–52. Available at: https://elibrary ru/download/elibrary_15538775_39021432.pdf, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

31. Timoshenko А.I. (2011) Development of the Soviet Model of Management of Development of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route in the 1920s. Actual Problems of Russian State Policy in the Arctic (XX-early XXI centuries.) (ed. Lamin V .А.), Novosibirsk: Sibirskoe nauchnoe izdatel’stvo, pp. 57–81 (in Russian).

32. Timoshenko А.I. (2012) Transformation in the Russian State Policy of Development of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route (XVIII-XXI centuries). Russian State Policy in the Arctic: Strategy and Practice of Development in the XVIII-XXI centuries. (ed. Lamin V .А.), Novosibirsk: Sibirskoe nauchnoe izdatel’stvo, pp. 4–35 (in Russian).

33. Walsh J.E., Overland J.E., Groisman P .Y ., Rudolf B. (2011) Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic AMBIO, vol. 40, pp. 6–16. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-011-0211-z

34. Zakharova T.А., Petrova M.M., Kashina M.А. (2012) Far North Indigenous Women’s Reproductive Health. Zdravookhranenie Rossijskoj Federatsii, no 3, pp. 30–34. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/15808103, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).

35.

36.