<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/kgt/2022.01.05</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-995</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Особенности современного экономического развития</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Specifics of Modern Economic Development</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аккумуляторные системы хранения энергии как game changer в перестройке мировой электроэнергетики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Battery Energy Storage Systems as a Game Changer in the Transformation of Global Power Industry</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0320-7846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масленников</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslennikov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Оскарович Масленников, старший научный сотрудник, Центр энергетических исследований</p><p>117997, Профсоюзная ул., д. 23, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander O. Maslennikov, Senior Researcher, Center for Energy Research</p><p>23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maslennikov@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений&#13;
имени Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Масленников А.О., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Масленников А.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maslennikov A.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/995">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/995</self-uri><abstract><p>За последнее десятилетие объем генерации солнечной и ветровой электроэнергии в мире увеличился более чем в 6 раз, при этом в отдельных странах доля этих энергоресурсов в производстве электроэнергии уже достигает 30% и выше. Переменный режим работы солнечных и ветровых электростанций в зависимости от погодных условий значительно повышает требования к уровню системной гибкости электроэнергетического комплекса, которые по мере продвижения низкоуглеродной парадигмы будут и дальше нарастать. В фокусе настоящей статьи – анализ перспектив развития аккумуляторных технологий хранения электроэнергии в качестве основного источника повышения возможности энергосистемы эффективно подстраиваться под изменения спроса и предложения на различных временных горизонтах. Автор показывает, что, во-первых, скачкообразное ускорение темпов ввода в эксплуатацию крупномасштабных аккумуляторных систем хранения электроэнергии в 2020–2021 гг. носит долговременный характер и обусловлено не только значительным снижением себестоимости литий-ионных батарей, но и мерами государственной поддержки и специальной настройки системы регулирования рынков электроэнергии в США, Китае и отдельных странах Европы. Во-вторых, конкуренция среди производителей на рынке литий-ионных батарей будет усиливаться. В-третьих, существующие технологии позволяют с приемлемыми издержками осуществлять только внутридневное хранение электроэнергии, при этом разработка низкозатратного способа длительного хранения электроэнергии могла бы коренным образом расширить границы продвижения переменных во зобновляемых источников энергии и открыть дорогу к достижению углеродной нейтральности. Активный поиск такой технологии осуществляют большое число крупных компаний и небольших стартапов, а также ведущих университетов и лабораторий при поддержке государственного финансирования и частного, в том числе венчурного, капитала.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Solar and wind electricity generation has increased more than 6 times during the past decade and the share of these energy sources in electricity production in some countries has already reached 30% or more. The dependents of solar and wind power plants on weather conditions significantly increases the requirements for the level of system flexibility in the electric power industry, which are going to grow as the low-carbon paradigm advances. The article focuses at the analysis of the prospects for the development of battery energy storage technologies as the main source of increasing the ability of the power system to effectively adapt to the changes in demand and supply over different time horizons. The author shows that, firstly, the abrupt acceleration in the rate of commissioning of large-scale stationary electricity storage systems in 2020–2021 is of a long-term nature and is due not only to a significant reduction in the cost of lithium-ion batteries, but also to state support and special tuning of electricity markets regulation in the United States, China and some European countries. Secondly, the competition among manufacturers in the lithium-ion battery market is bound to intensify. Thirdly, existing technologies allow only intraday storage of electricity with acceptable costs. The development of a lowcost method for long-term storage of electricity could radically expand the boundaries of variable renewable energy sources and open the way to achieving carbon neutrality. Many large companies and small start-ups, as well as leading universities and laboratories, are actively searching for such a technology with the support of government funding and private financing, including venture capital.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хранение электроэнергии</kwd><kwd>стационарные системы хранения электроэнергии</kwd><kwd>распределенные системы хранения электроэнергии</kwd><kwd>электроэнергетика</kwd><kwd>аккумуляторы</kwd><kwd>НВИЭ</kwd><kwd>переменные источники энергии</kwd><kwd>ГАЭС</kwd><kwd>водород</kwd><kwd>углеродная нейтральность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>energy storage</kwd><kwd>stationary energy storage</kwd><kwd>distributed energy storage</kwd><kwd>power</kwd><kwd>batteries</kwd><kwd>renewables</kwd><kwd>variable energy sources</kwd><kwd>pumped hydro</kwd><kwd>hydrogen</kwd><kwd>carbon neutrality</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков С.В., Золина С.А. США: финансо вые рынки и развитие сектора неконвенциональной нефти // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2016. – Т. 60, № 11. – С. 14–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Battery Storage in the United States: An Update on Market Trends (2021). U.S. Energy Information Administration, August. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/pdf/battery_storage_2021.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Battery Storage in the United States: An Update on Market Trends // U.S. Energy Information Administration, August. – 2021. – URL: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/pdf/battery_storage_2021.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2019). British Petroleum, June. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BP Statistical Review of World Energy // British Petroleum. – 2019. – June 2019. – URL: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2021). British Petroleum, July. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BP Statistical Review of Wo rld Energy // British Petroleum. – 2021. – July 2021. – URL: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castillo A., Dennice F.G. (2014). Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: A survey. Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 87, pp. 885-894. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castillo A., Dennice F. G. Gri d-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: A survey // Energy Conversion and Management. – 2014. – Vol. 87. – P. 885–894. – DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Challenges… (2021). Doose S., Mayer J.K., Michalowski P., Kwade A. Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations. Metals, vol. 11, issue 291. DOI: 10.3390/met11020291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery R ecycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations / S. Doose, J.K. Mayer, P. Michalowski, A. Kwade // Metals. – 2021. – Vol. 11, issue 291. – DOI: 10.3390/met11020291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clifford С. (2021). Stealthy battery company backed by Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos has a lot to prove. CNBC, August 25. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/form-energy-raises-240-million-on-iron-air-battery-promise.html, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clifford С. Stealthy battery company backed by Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos has a lot to prove // CNBC. – 2021. – August 25. – URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/form-energy-raises-240-million-on-ironair-battery-promise.html (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CNESA White Papers (n/y). China Energy Storage Alliance. Available at: http://en.cnesa.org/white-paper-access-multyear, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CNESA White Papers // China Energy Storag e Alliance. – n/y. – URL:http://en.cnesa.org/white-paper-access-multyear (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Critical review… (2021). Olabi A.G., Onumaegbu C., Wilberforce T., Ramadan M., Abdelkareem M., Al – Alami A. Critical review of energy storage systems. Energy, vol. 214. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Critical review of energy storage systems / A.G. Olabi [et al.] // Energy. – 2021. – Vol. 214. – DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degradation… (2020). Preger Y, Barkholtz1 H., Fresquez A., Campbell D., Juba B., Romàn-Kustas J., Ferreira S., Chalamala B. Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry and Cycling Conditions. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 167, no. 12. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/abae37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DOE Global Energy Storage Database // U.S. Dep artment of Energy. – n/y. – URL: https://www.sandia.gov/ess-ssl/doeglobal-energy-storage-database/ (дата обра щения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DOE Global Energy Storage Database (n/y). U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://www.sandia.gov/ess-ssl/doe-global-energy-storage-database/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degradation of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells as a Function of Chemistry and Cycling Conditions / Y. Preger [et al.] // Journal of The Electrochemical Society. – 2020. – Vol. 167, N 12. – DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/abae37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA (2013). Sandia National Laboratories, July. Available at: https://www.sandia.gov/ess-ssl/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA / A. Akhil [et al.] // Sandia National Laboratories, DOE/ EPRI. – 2013. – July 2013. – URL: https://www.sandia.gov/ess-ssl/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap (2020). U.S. Department of Energy, December. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2020/12/f81/Energy%20Storage%20Grand%20Challenge%20Roadmap.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap // U.S. Department of Energy. – 2020. – December 2020. – URL: https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2020/12/f81/Energy%20Storage%20Grand%20Challenge%20Roadmap.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Energy Storage Industry White Paper 2021 (Summary Version) (2021). China Energy Storage Alliance. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55826ab6e4b0a6d2b0f53e3d/t/60d2fff40aec596dc9e5cd65/1624440841870/CNESA+White+Paper+2021-PDF, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Energy Storage Industry White Paper 2021 (Summary Version ) // China Energy Storage Alliance. – 2021. – URL:https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55826ab6e4b0a6d2b0f53e3d/t/60d2fff40aec596dc9e5cd65/1624440841870/CNESA+White+Paper+2021-PDF (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrara M., Burger S., Rodden J. (2021). A clean grid requires firm power. Here’s what that means for energy storage. Form Energy, April 19. Available at: https://formenergy.com/insights/a-clean-grid-requires-firmpower-heres-what-that-means-for-energystorage/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrara M., Burger S., Rodden J. A clean grid requires firm power. Here’s what that means for energy storage // Form Energy. – 2021. – April 19. – URL: https://formenergy.com/insights/a-clean-gridrequires-firm-power-heres-what-thatmeans-for-energy-storage/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Energy Storage Outlook H2 2021 (2021). Wood Mackenzie, September. Available at: https://www.woodmac.com/reports/power-markets-global-energy-storage-outlook-h2-2021-532298, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Energy Storage Outlook H2 2021 // Wood Mackenzie. – 2021 . – September 2021. – URL: https://www.woodmac.com/reports/power-markets-global-energy-storage-outlook-h2-2021-532298 (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hydropower Special Market Report. Analysis and forecast to 2030 (2021). International Energy Agency, July. Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4d2d4365-08c6-4171-9ea2-8549fabd1c8d/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport_corr.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hydropower Special Market Report. Analysis and forecast to 2030 // International Energy Agency. – 2021. – July 2021. – URL: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4d2d4365-08c6-4171-9ea2-8549fabd1c8d/HydropowerSpecialMarketReport_corr.pdf (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Installed electricity capacity by country/area (MW) by Country/area, Technology, Grid connection and Year (n/y). International Renewable Energy Agency. Available at: http://pxweb.irena.org/pxweb/en/IRENASTAT/IRENASTAT__Power%20Capacity%20and%20Generation/ELECCAP_2021_cycle2.px/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Installed electricity capacity by country/ area (MW) by Country/area, Technology, Grid connection and Year // International Renewable Energy Agency. – n/y. – URL: http://pxweb.irena.org/pxweb/en/IRENASTAT/IRENASTAT__Power%20Capacity%20and%20Generation/ELECCAP_2021_cycle2.px/ (дата обра ще ния: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2021 (2021). U.S. Energy Information Administration, September. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/archive/xls/july_generator2021.xlsx, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2021 // U.S. Energy Inform ation Administration. – 2021. – September 2021. – URL: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/archive/xls/july_generator2021.xlsx (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y. (2021). Lithium Prices Are Soaring, Sparking More Deals for Key Battery Metal. Bloomberg, October 7. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-06/lithium-s-shining-moment-brings-record-prices-and-surge-indeals?sref=EtqQfjch, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y. Lithium Prices Are Soaring, Sparking More Deals for Key Battery Meta l // Bloomberg. – 2021. – October 7. – URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-06/lithium-s-shiningmoment-brings-record-prices-and-surgein-deals?sref=EtqQfjch (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCorkindale M. (2021). UK sees record-breaking submitted battery storage capacity under planning in Q2 2021. Energy Storage News, August 4. Available at: https://www.energy-storage.news/uk-sees-record-breaking-submitted-battery-storage-capacity-under-planning-in-q2-2021/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCorkindale M. UK sees record-breaking submitted battery storage capacity un der planning in Q2 2021 // Ener gy Storage News. – 2021. – August 4. – URL: https://www.energy-storage.news/uk-sees-record-breaking-submitted-battery-storage-capacityunder-planning-in-q2-2021/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nautiyal H., Goel V. (2020). Sustainability assessment of hydropower projects. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 265. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nautiyal H., Goel V. Sustainability assessment of hydropower projects // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2020. – Vol. 265. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Connor A., Loomis R., Braun F. (2010). Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of DOE Investment in Photovoltaic Energy Systems. U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/pdfs/solar_pv.pdf, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Connor A., Loomis R., Braun F. Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of DOE Inves tment in Photovoltaic Energy Systems // U.S. Department of Energy. – 2010. – URL: https://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/pdfs/solar_pv.pdf (дата обра щения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plautz J. (2021). Tesla shifts battery chemistry for utility-scale storage Megapack. Utility Dive, May 18. Available at: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/tesla-shifts-battery-chemistry-for-utility-scale-storage-megawall/600315/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plautz J. Tesla shifts battery chemistry for utility-scale storage Megapack // Utilit y Dive. – 2021. – May 18. – URL: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/tesla-shiftsbattery-chemistry-for-utility-scale-storage-megawall/600315/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Profit From Dynamic Containment in the UK (2021). Inaccess, June 11, 2021. Available at: https://www.inaccess.com/about-us/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Profit From Dynamic Containment in the UK // Inaccess. – 2021. – June 11. – URL: https://www.inaccess.com/about-us/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Projecting the Future… (2019). Schmidt O., Melchior S., Hawkes A., Staffell I. Projecting the Future Leve lized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies. Joule, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 81–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Projecting the Future Levelized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies / O. Schmidt, S. Melc hior, A. Hawkes, I. Staffell // Joule. – 2019. – Vol. 3, issue 1. – P. 81–100. – DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pumped Storage Tracking Tool (n/y). International Hydropower Association. Available at: https://www.hydropower.org/hydropower-pumped-storage-tool, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pumped Storage Tracking Tool // International Hydropower Association. – n/y. – URL: https://www.hydropower.org/hydropower-pumped-storage-tool (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaqsi A., Sopian K., Al-Hinai A. (2020). Review of energy storage services, applications, limitations, and benefits. Ener gy Reports, vol. 6, suppl. 7, pp. 288–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.07.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaqsi A., Sopian K., Al-Hinai A. Review of energy storage services, applications, limitations, an d benefits // Energy Reports. – 2020. – Vol. 6, suppl. 7. – P. 288– 306. – DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2020.07.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepardson D. (2021). Toyota to invest $3.4 billion on U.S. automotive batteries through 2030. Reuters, October 18. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/toyota-invest-34-billion-us-automotive-batteries-through-2030-2021-10-18/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shepardson D. Toyota to invest $3.4 billion on U.S. automotive batteries through 2030 // Reuters. – 202 1. – October 18. – URL: https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/toyota-invest-34-billion-us-automotive-batteries-through-2030-2021-10-18/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Treadgold T. (2021). Lithium Price Tipped To Rise After Warning Of ‘Perpetual Deficit’. Forbes, July 2. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timtreadgold/2021/07/02/lithium-pricetipped-to-rise-after-warning-of-perpetual-deficit/?sh=2b912734ab73, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Treadgold T. Lithium Price Tipped To Rise After Warning Of ‘Perpetual Deficit’ // Forbes. – 2021. – July 2 . – URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timtreadgold/2021/07/02/lithium-price-tippedto-rise-after-warning-of-perpetual-deficit/?sh=2b912734ab73 (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK Battery Storage Project Database Report (n/y). Solar Media. Available at: https://marketresearch.solarmedia.co.uk/products/uk-battery-storage-project-database-report, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK Battery Storage Project Database Report // Solar Media. – n/y. – URL: https://marketresearch.solarmedia.co.uk/products/uk-battery-storage-project-database-report (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UN Comtrade Database (n/y). United Nations. Available at: https://comtrade.un.org/, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UN Comtrade Database // United Nations. – n/y. – URL: https://comtrade.un-.org/ (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wayland M. (2021). Ford and SK Innovation to spend $11 billion, create 11,000 jobs on new U.S. EV and battery plants. CNBC, September 27. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/27/fordbattery-supplier-to-spend-11point4-billion-to-build-new-us-plants.html, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wayl and M. Ford and SK Innovation to spend $11 billion, create 11,000 jobs on new U.S. EV and battery plants // CNB C. – 2021. – September 27. – URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/27/fordbattery-supplier-to-spend-11point4-billion-to-build-new-us-plants.html (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Energy Outlook (2020). International Energy Agency. 462 pp. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/worldenergy-outlook-2021, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Energy Outlook // International Energy Agency. – 2020. – 462 p. – URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/worldenergy-outlook-2021 (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Energy Outlook (2021). International Energy Agency. 384 pp. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/worldenergy-outlook-2021, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Energy Outlook // International Energy Agency. – 2021. – 384 p. – URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/worldenergy-outlook-2021 (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaifman H., Schaff J., Combest T. (2021). One Step Forward: Ways and Means Committee Approves Expanded Renewable Energy Tax Credits. Sidley, October 5. Available at: https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/newsupdates/2021/09/one-step-forward-ways-and-meanscommittee-approves-expanded-renewable-energy-tax-credits, accessed 28.10.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaifman H., Schaff J., Combest T. One Step Forward: Ways and Means Committee Approves Expanded Renewable Energy Tax Credits. – 2021. – Sidley, October 5. – URL: https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/newsupdates/2021/09/one-stepforward-ways-and-means-committee-approves-expanded-renewable-energy-tax-credits (дата обращения: 28.10.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zell T., Langer R. (2019). Introduction: hydrogen storage as solution for a changing energy landscape. Physical Sciences Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 20170009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zell T., Langer R. Introduction: hydrogen storage as solution for a changing energy landscape // Physical Sciences Reviews. – 2 019. – Vol. 4, N 1. – P. 20170009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov S.V., Zolina S.A. (2016). USA: Financial Markets and the Development of Unconventional Oil Sector. World Economy and International Relations, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 14–24 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
