<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-6-24</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-524</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В рамках дискуссии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Under Discussion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Строительство «новой» Арктики: Будущее Приполярного  Севера в меняющемся глобальном порядке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Constructing the “New” Arctic: The Future of the Circumpolar North in a Changing Global Order</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янг</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Young</surname><given-names>O. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Professor Emeritus</p><p>CA 93106, Санта-Барбара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor Emeritus</p><p>CA 93106, Santa Barbara</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oran.young@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>School of Environmental Science and Management University of California</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title>Арктика в XXI столетии</issue-title><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Янг О.R., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Янг О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Young O.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/524">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/524</self-uri><abstract><p>В международном сообществе Арктика, как и все разобщенные в пространственном отношении регионы, является социально сконструированным образованием. Политические и экономические соображения играют важную роль в качестве детерминант границ региона, идентичности тех государств, которые считаются арктическими, а также характера взаимодействия между Арктикой и внешним миром. С этой точки зрения новейшая история Арктики делится на два периода: с конца 1980-х годов по 2007 год и с 2007 года по настоящее время. По мере того как холодная война угасала, Арктика становилась периферийным регионом, имеющим все мен глобальных политических расчетах. Никто не оспаривал доминирования восьми арктических государств в региональных делах, и Арктический совет сосредоточил внимание на региональных проблемах, связанных с охраной окружающей среды и устойчивым развитием. Сегодня, напротив, «новая» Арктика является центром интенсивного глобального интереса, главным образом потому, что изменение климата с глобальными последствиями происходит в этом регионе быстрее, чем где-либо еще на Земле, и потому, что растущая доступность природных ресурсов Арктики вызвала повышенный интерес со стороны внешних субъектов. В результате арктические проблемы слились в глобальные, сделав регион ареной взаимодействия геополитических сил. Механизмы сотрудничества, созданные в течение первого периода (например, Арктический совет), могут потребовать корректировки для эффективного функционирования в «новой» Арктике. Рассматриваемая в качестве тематического исследования арктическая история представляет собой увеличительное стекло, через которое можно рассматривать силы, формирующие мышление о природе регионов в международном обществе, и роли механизмов сотрудничества на региональном уровне.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Like all spatially delimited regions in international society, the Arctic is socially constructed. Political and economic considerations play prominent roles as determinants of the region’s boundaries, the identity of those states regarded as Arctic states, and the nature of the interactions between the Arctic and the outside world. From this perspective the recent history of the Arctic divides into two distinct periods: the late 1980s through 2007 and 2007 to the present. As the cold war faded, the Arctic became a peripheral region of declining importance in global political calculations. No one challenged the dominance of the eight Arctic states in regional affairs, and the Arctic Council focused on regional concerns relating to environmental protection and sus tainable development. Today, by contrast, the ‘new’ Arctic is a focus of intense glo bal interest, largely because climate change is proceeding more rapidly in this region than anywhere else on Earth with global consequences and because the increasing accessibility of the Arctic’s natural resources has generated enhanced interest on the part of outside actors. As a result, Arctic issues have merged into global issues, making the region a prominent arena for the interplay of geopolitical forces. Cooperative arrangements established during the first period (e.g. the Arctic Council) may require adjustment to operate effectively in the ‘new’ Arctic. Treated as a case study, the Arctic story provides an illuminating lens through which to analyze the forces that shape thinking about the nature of regions in international society and the role of cooperative arrangements at the regional level.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Арктический совет</kwd><kwd>Arctic 5</kwd><kwd>Arctic 8</kwd><kwd>неарктические государства</kwd><kwd>Арктический регион</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>дипломатия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Arctic Council</kwd><kwd>Arctic 5</kwd><kwd>Arctic 8</kwd><kwd>non-Arctic states</kwd><kwd>Arctic region</kwd><kwd>diplomacy</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Эта статья была подготовлена при финансовой помощи проекта «Arctic Options», финансируемого Национальным научным фондом США в рамках премии № 1641241, и проекта «Pan-Arctic Options», финансируемого в рамках премии № 1660449 Белмонтского форума. Автор благодарит Е.Н. Никитину (ИМЭМО РАН) и двух анонимных рецензентов за полезные комментарии к более ранним версиям этой статьи.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The Arctic Options Project, funded by the US National Science Foundation under Award No. 1641241, and the Pan-Arctic Options Project, funded under Belmont Forum award No. 1660449, supported the preparation of this article. I thank Elena Nikitina of IMEMO and two anonymous peer reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 02.05.2014 г№ 296 «О сухопутных территориях Арктической зоны Российской Федерации» (В редакции указов Президента Российской Федерации от 27062017 № 287) (2017) // Президент России // www.kremlinru/acts/bank/38377, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson A. (2009) After the Ice: Life, Death, and Geopolitics in the New Arctic, New York: Smithsonian Books</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson A (2009) After the Ice: Life, Death, and Geopolitics in the New Arctic, New York: Smithsonian Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arctic Matters: The Global Connection to Changes in the Arctic (2015)  NRC, Washington, DC: National Research Council of the National Academies. Available at: https://www nap edu/read/21717/ chapter/1, accessed 12 12 2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arctic Matters: The Global Connection to Changes in the Arctic (2015) // NRC, Washington, DC: National Research Council of the National Academies // https://wwwnapedu/read/21717/chapter/1, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, Public Law 98–373 (1984). US Government. Available at: https://www.nsf. gov/geo/opp/arctic/iarpc/arc_res_pol_act. jsp#112, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984, Public Law 98–373 (1984) // US Government // https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/arctic/iarpc/arc_res_pol_actjsp#112, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beyond the Ice: UK Policy towards the Arctic (2018). Foreign and Commonwealth Office, April 4, 2018. Available at:  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beyond-the-ice-uk-policy-towardsthe-arctic, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beyond the Ice: UK Policy towards the Arctic (2018) // Foreign and Commonwealth Office, April 4, 2018 // https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beyond-the-ice-uk-policy-towards-the-arctic, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borgerson S. (2008) Arctic Meltdown: The Implications of Global Warm ing. Foreign Affairs, no 87, pp .63–77. Available at: https://heinonline org/HOL/ LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ fora87&amp;div=26&amp;id=&amp;page=, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borgerson S (2008) Arctic Meltdown: The Implications of Global Warming // Foreign Affairs, no 87, pp 63–77 // https://heinon-lineorg/HOL/Landing Page? handle=hein. journals/ fora87&amp;div= 26&amp;id=&amp;page=, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">China’s Arctic Policy (2018)  State Council. Available at: English.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">China’s Arctic Policy (2018) // State Council // englishgovcn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/con-tent_281476026660336htm, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conference on Global Leadership in the Arctic: August 30–31, 2015 (2015). US Department of State. Available at: https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/glacier/ index.htm, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conference on Global Leadership in the Arctic: August 30–31, 2015 (2015) // US Department of State // https://2009-2017.stategov/e/oes/glacier/indexhtm, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dear Colleague Letter: Stimulating Research Related to Navigating the New Arctic (NNA), One of NSF’s 10 Big Ideas (2018). NSF, February 22, 2018. Available at: https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2018/nsf18048/ nsf18048.jsp, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dear Colleague Letter: Stimulating Research Related to Navigating the New Arctic (NNA), One of NSF’s 10 Big Ideas (2018) // NSF, February 22, 2018 // https://wwwnsfgov/pubs/2018/nsf18048/ nsf18048jsp, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (1996)  Ottawa Declaration. Available at: https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/85/EDOCS-1752-v2-ACMMCA00_Ottawa_1996_Founding_Declaration.PDF?sequence=5&amp;isAllowed=y, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (1996) // Ottawa Declaration // https://oaarchivearctic-councilorg/ bitstream/handle/11374/85/EDOCS-1752-v2-ACMMCA00_Ottawa_1996_Founding_DeclarationPDF? sequence=-5&amp;isAllowed=y, дата обращения 12.12.2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10 .English J. (2013) Ice and Water: Politics, Peoples, and the Arctic Council, Toronto: Allan Lane.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">English J. (2013) Ice and Water: Politics, Peoples, and the Arctic Council, Toronto: Allan Lane.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fact Sheet: United States Hosts First Ever Arctic Science Ministerial to Advance International Research Efforts (2016). White House, September 28, 2016. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse archives. gov/the-press-office/2016/09/28/factsheet-united-states-hosts-first-ever-arcticscience-ministerial, accessed 12.122019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fact Sheet: United States Hosts First Ever Arctic Science Ministerial to Advance International Research Efforts’ (2016) // White House, September 28, 2016 // https://obamawhitehousearchivesgov/the-press-office/2016/09/28/fact-sheet-united-states-hosts-first-ever-arc-tic-science-ministerial, дата обращения 12.12.2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gautier D.L. et al. (2009) Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic. Science, no 324, pp..1175–1179. DOI: 10.1126/science.1169467</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gautier D.L. et al(2009) Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic // Science, no 324, pp 1175–1179DOI: 101126/science1169467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbachev M. (1987) Speech in Murmansk on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star to the City of Murmansk. Barentsinfo.fi, October 1, 1987. Available at: www.barentsinfo.fi/docs/gorbachev_speech.pdf, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorbachev M (1987) Speech in Murmansk on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star to the City of Murmansk // Barentsinfo.fi, October 1, 1987 // www.barentsinfo.fi/docs/gorbachev_speechpdf, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howard R. (2009) The Arctic Gold Rush: the New Race for Tomorrow’s Natural Resources, London, New York: Continuum.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howard R. (2009) The Arctic Gold Rush: the New Race for Tomorrow’s Natural Resources, London, New York: Continuum.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), MEPC 68/21/Add.1, Annex 10 (2016). IMO. Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/polar/Documents/ POLAR%20CODE%20TEXT%20AS%20 ADOPTED pdf, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), MEPC 68/21/Add1, Annex 10 (2016) // IMO // http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/ HotTopics/polar/Documents/POLAR%20CODE%20TEXT%20AS%20ADOPTEDpdf, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keskitalo C. (2004) Negotiating the Arctic: The Construction of an International Region, London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keskitalo C. (2004) Negotiating the Arctic: Te Construction of an International Region, London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kingdon J.W . (1995) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed, Boston: Addison-Wesley.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kingdon J.W.(1995) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies 2nd ed, Boston: Addison-Wesley.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenton T. et al. (2008) Tipping Elements in the Earth’s Climate System. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, no 105, pp..1786–1993  DOI: 10 1073/pnas.0705414105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lenton T. et al. (2008) Tipping Elements in the Earth’s Climate System // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, no 105, pp 1786–1993.DOI: 101073/pnas0705414105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z. (2018) China Reveals ‘Polar Silk Road’ Ambition in Arctic Policy. South China Morning Post, June 26, 2018. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130785/ china-reveals-polar-silk-road-ambitionarctic-policy, accessed 12.12.2019 .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z. (2018) China Reveals ‘Polar Silk Road’ Ambition in Arctic Policy // South China Morning Post, June 26, 2018 // https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2130785/china-reveals-polar-silk-road-ambition-arctic-policy, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meeting on High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, 28–30 November 2017: Chairman’s Statement (2017). US Department of State. Available at:  https://www.sta te.gov/remarks-and-releases-bureau-of-oceans-and-international-environmental-and-scientific-affairs/meetingon-high-seas-fisheries-in-the-central-arcticocean-6/#fn1, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meeting on High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, 28–30 November 2017: Chairman’s Statement (2017) // US Department of State // https://www.state.gov/remarks-and-releases-bureau-of-oceans-and-international-environmental-and-scientific-affairs/meeting-on-high-seas-fsheries-in-the-central-arctic-ocean-6/#fn1, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ordinance of RF President No. 296 “On Terrestrial Boundaries of the Arctic Sone of the Russian Federation,” 2 May 2014 as amended on 27 June 2017 (2017). President of Russia. Available at: www.kremlin  ru/acts/bank/38377, accessed 12.12.2019 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osherenko G, Young O.R. (1989) The Age of the Arctic: Hot Conflicts and Cold Realities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osherenko G., Young O.R. (1989) The Age of the Arctic: Hot Conflicts and Cold Realities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahbek-Clemmensen J., Tomasen G. (2018) Learning from the Ilulissat Initiative, Center for Military Studies, University of Copenhagen.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahbek-Clemmensen J., Thomasen G. (2018) Learning from the Ilulissat Initiative, Center for Military Studies, University of Copenhagen.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roston E. (2016) The World Has Discovered a $1 Trillion Ocean // Bloomberg Business, January 21, 2016 // https://wwwbloombergcom/news/arti-cles/2016-01-21/the-world-has-discov-ered-a-1-trillion-ocean, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roston E. (2016) The World Has Discovered a $1 Trillion Ocean  Bloomberg Business, January 21, 2016. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2016-01-21/the-world-hasdiscovered-a-1-trillion-ocean, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sale R., Potapov E. (2010) The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation and Conflict in the far North, London: Frances Lincoln.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sale R., Potapov E. (2010) The Scramble for the Arctic: Ownership, Exploitation and Conflict in the far North, London: Frances Lincoln.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwab K. (2016) The Fourth Industrial Revolution, New York: Crown Business.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwab K. (2016) The Fourth Industrial Revolution, New York: Crown Business.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serreze M.C. (2018) Brave New Arctic: The Untold Story of the Melting North, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serreze M.C. (2018) Brave New Arctic: The Untold Story of the Melting North, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone D.P. (2015) The Changing Arctic Environment: The Arctic Messenger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone D.P . (2015) The Changing Arctic Environment: The Arctic Messenger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vision for the Arctic, adopted at the Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in Kiruna, Sweden on 15 May 2013 (2013) // Arctic Council // http:hdl.handle.net/11374/287, дата обращения 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vision for the Arctic, adopted at the Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in Kiruna, Sweden on 15 May 2013 (2013).Arctic Council. Available at: http:hdl.handle net/11374/287, accessed 12.12.2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R., Berkman PA(forthcoming) Informed Decision Making for Sustainability in the Central Arctic Ocean.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vylegzhanin A.N., Young O.R., Berkman P .A. (forthcoming) Informed Decision Making for Sustainability in the Central Arctic Ocean.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wadhams P. (2017) A Farewell to Ice: A Report from the Arctic, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wadhams P . (2017) A Farewell to Ice: A Report from the Arctic, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (1985–1986) The Age of the Arctic // Foreign Policy, no 61, pp 160–179.DOI: 10.2307/1148707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R. (1985/1986) The Age of the Arctic  Foreign Policy, no 61, pp  160–179. DOI: 10.2307/1148707</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (1996) The Work of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations // Northern Notes, NoIV, December, 1–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R. (1996) The Work of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations  Northern Notes, No  IV, December, 1–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (1998) Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R. (1998) Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (2012) Building an Inter-national Regime Complex for the Arc-tic: Current Status and Next Steps // Te Polar Journal, no 2, pp 391–407DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.735047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R. (2012) Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps  The Polar Journal, no 2, pp..391–407. DOI: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.735047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (2016) Governing the Arctic Ocean // Marine Policy, no 72, pp 271–277.DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R. (2016) Governing the Arctic Ocean. Marine Policy, no 72, pp. 271– 277. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young O.R. (2017) Governing Complex Systems: Social Capital for the Anthropocene, Cambridge: MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young O.R.(2017) Governing Complex Systems: Social Capital for the Anthropocene, Cambridge: MIT Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
