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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-2-166-183</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-335</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Точка зрения</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Point of View</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>НАСА, «астропренеры» и рынки будущего: новые модели инновационной политики США в космической сфере</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>NASA, Astropreneurs and future markets: new models of the U.S. innovation policy for space industry</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>ДАНИЛИН</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>DANILIN</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, заведующий сектором инновационной политики</p><p>Адрес: 117997, Москва, Профсоюзная ул., д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Political Sciences), Head of Innovation Policy Section</p><p>Adress: 23 Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danilin.iv@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>США в XXI веке: проблемы и вызовы</issue-title><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>183</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; ДАНИЛИН И.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ДАНИЛИН И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">DANILIN I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/335">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/335</self-uri><abstract><p>Анализируются изменения на рынках коммерческих космических технологий и в  космической отрасли (т.наз. «космическая экономика»), а также федеральная политика  США, направленная на сохранение американского доминирования в данной сфере. Кратко  рассматривается эволюция «космической экономики» в США, включая формирование  отраслевого венчурного сегмента с конца 1990-х гг. (благодаря компьютерной и Интернет- революции и развитию космических технологий). Особое значение имело т.наз. астропредпринимательство – рост стартапов в сфере систем доставки и космических  аппаратов. Помимо технологических факторов, основным драйвером развития данного  сегмента называется неоптимальная технологическая и рыночная стратегия дуополии Boeing и Lockheed Martin, создавшая условия для «подрывного» инновационного развития в  отрасли и перехода к новой, более «открытой» модели отраслевых инновационных  процессов. Хотя в 1980–1990-х гг. было сформировано дружественное регулирование коммерческого космического сектора и комплекс мер его поддержки через госзаказ, новая  ситуация на рынках и в отраслевой инновационной системе стала вызовом для федеральной политики, который был усилен ростом ресурсных ограничений бюджета и иными факторами. Триггером изменений в федеральных подходах к развитию отрасли стала катастрофа шаттла «Коламбия» в 2003 г., которая остро поставила вопрос о сохранении  независимого доступа США к Международной космической станции и, в перспективе, к  орбитальным операциям в целом в условиях вывода шаттлов из эксплуатации. Ответом стало формирование НАСА с участием Минобороны США с 2006 г. целого спектра  программ по разработке новых систем доставки – на принципах государственно-частного  партнерства и с активным привлечением малого и среднего инновационного бизнеса,  прежде всего стартапов. Результаты этих усилий оказались более значительны, чем изначально предполагалось: началось формирование новой модели федеральной промышленно-технологической политики в космической сфере, имеющей прямые параллели  с практиками оборонного агентства DARPA. Новая политика предполагает роль  НАСА и, шире, государства как равного, а не доминирующего участника инновационных  процессов в космической индустрии и более активного организатора отраслевой инновационной системы с учетом изменения ее специфики. Конкретные мероприятия  реализуются строго в проектной логике, но большее внимание уделяется развитию сложных  партнерств, экосистем и пр. – с акцентом как на решение правительственных задач, так и на обеспечение рыночного лидерства американских компаний. Новая модель не лишена  проблем: налицо неоднозначность динамики федеральных затрат на космические  исследования и разработки, требуется перестройка всей системы обеспечения научно- технических работ НАСА, вопросы вызывает устойчивость и продуктивность работы  федеральных органов с инновационными партнерами и процессами нового типа (учитывая  специфику доступных инструментов госполитики). Будущее государственных усилий будет определяться решением этих проблем, а также необходимостью распространения новой  модели и практик на ключевые (в объемном и технологическом отношениях) сегменты  «космической экономики» – разработку и производство космических аппаратов и использование космических данных. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Article analyzes the changes in the space economy, as well as the U.S. federal policy for preserving American domination in this area. The evolution of the space economy in the United States is briefly considered, including formation of venture businesses since late  1990s (due to the computer and Internet revolution and development of space technologies). Of particular importance is  a so-called Astropreneurship – growth of startups, developing space  launch systems and spacecrafts. Amid technological factors, the  main driver for the rise of Astropreneurship was a suboptimal  technological and market strategy of Boeing and Lockheed Martin  duopoly. It created conditions for disruptive innovation development  in the industry and transition to a new, more open model of  innovation processes there. Although in the 1980–1990’s federal  government enacted a business-friendly regulations for the commercial space sector and set measures to support it through  public procurement, a new situation in the markets and in sectoral innovation system has become a challenge for national  policy, enforced by budget constraints and other factors. Catastrophe of the Columbia space shuttle in 2003, which raised the  issue of maintaining independent U.S. access to the International Space Station and, in the future, to other orbital  operations after shuttles’ phase-out, triggered changes in federal  policies for the industry. As a result, since 2006 NASA (with some  DoD support) initiated several programs to develop new space  launch and delivery systems. These programs were based on the  public-private partnerships with active involvement of small and  medium innovative enterprises, primarily startups. The results  turned out to be more significant than originally intended: formation of a new model of federal industrial and technological  policy in the space sector, almost similar to the DARPA principles. The new policy assumes the role of NASA and, more  broadly, the federal government as an equal (rather than a  dominant) participant in space industry innovative processes and as  a more active organizer of the industry`s innovation system (considering changes in its nature). Despite all activities are  mission-oriented, more attention is paid to the development of  complex partnerships, ecosystems, etc. – with an emphasis both on  satisfaction of government needs and on ensuring market leadership  of the U.S. companies. However, this new model faces  sever al problems: ambiguity of federal expenditures on space- related research and development; need to restructure NASA science and technology organization; efficiency of federal efforts in support  of new partners and processes – taking into account specifics of  available policy instruments. The future of federal efforts will be  determined by the solution of these problems and by the need to  extend new model and practices to the key (in terms of market size  and technology advances) segments of space economy – satellite  manufacturing and the use of space data.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рынки космической продукции и услуг</kwd><kwd>космические стартапы</kwd><kwd>государственная космическая политика США</kwd><kwd>НАСА</kwd><kwd>модель DARPA</kwd><kwd>инновации.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>markets of space products and services</kwd><kwd>space startups</kwd><kwd>US state space policy</kwd><kwd>NASA</kwd><kwd>DARPA model</kwd><kwd>innovation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кристенсен К., Рейнор М. (2014) Решение проблемы инноваций в бизнесе. 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