<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-2-82-99</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-330</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>С точки зрения экономики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>From the Point of Economics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внешние эффекты денежно-кредитной политики США</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>External effects of US monetary policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>ГОЛОВНИН</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>GOLOVNIN</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, доктор экономических наук, заместитель директора</p><p>профессор</p><p>Адрес: 117218, Москва, Нахимовский проспект, д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, DSc in Economics, Professor</p><p>Address: 32, Nakhimovskij Av., Moscow, 117218, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mg-inecon@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики Российской академии наук&#13;
&#13;
Московская школа экономики МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>США в XXI веке: проблемы и вызовы</issue-title><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; ГОЛОВНИН М.Ю., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ГОЛОВНИН М.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">GOLOVNIN M.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/330">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/330</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируются изменения в денежно-кредитной политике США с начала XXI в. и  показано воздействие со стороны этой политики на национальные экономики других стран,  прежде всего стран с формирующимися рынками. Денежно-кредитная политика США  оказывала влияние на страны с формирующимися рынками как через реальный сектор, так  и по финансовому каналу. Через финансовый канал основное воздействие распространялось на ставки по государственным облигациям и на валютный курс. При этом влияние на  различные страны в разные периоды было неодинаковым. Так, процентные ставки в Таиланде, Мексике и Пакистане до начала глобального экономического и финансового кризиса в целом следовали циклу денежно-кредитной политики США. Политика «количественного смягчения», заявления и последующие действия по ее отмене оказали  влияние на трансграничные потоки капитала в страны с формирующимися рынками. Ряд  стран – экспортеров нефти, в том числе и Россия, испытывали воздействие денежно-кредитной политики США через динамику цен на нефть. Страны с формирующимися  рынками сталкиваются с ограничениями для национальной денежно-кредитной политики со  стороны денежно-кредитной политики США, но на практике стремятся их обойти с помощью регулирования валютного курса, ограничений на трансграничное движение капитала и проведения независимой денежно-кредитной политики, не следующей циклам  изменения процентной ставки в США.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article focuses on the changes in US monetary policy since the  beginning of the 21st century and reveals the impact of this policy  on the national economies of other countries, especially emerging markets. The US monetary policy influenced the emerging  markets both through the real and financial channels. Through the  latter, the main impact was on the Treasury bills rates and on the  exchange rates. At the same time, the influence on different  countries varied in different periods. For example, interest rates in  Thailand, Mexico and Pakistan before the global economic and  financial crisis in general followed the cycle of US monetary policy.  The “quantitative easing” policy, the statements and the follow-up  actions to abolish it, have influenced cross-border capital flows to  emerging markets. A number of countries, including Russia,  experienced the impact of US monetary policy through the dynamics  of oil prices. Emerging markets face restrictions on their monetary  policy from the US monetary policy, but in practice they seek to  circumvent them through exchange rate regulation, restrictions on  crossborder capital flows and the pursuit of an independent monetary policy, not following the  cycles of interest rate changes in the US.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международная макроэкономика</kwd><kwd>денежно-кредитная политика</kwd><kwd>экономика США</kwd><kwd>внешние эффекты</kwd><kwd>страны с формирующимися рынками</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international macroeconomics</kwd><kwd>monetary policy</kwd><kwd>US economy</kwd><kwd>external effects</kwd><kwd>emerging markets</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головнин М.Ю. (2015) Денежно-кредитная политика США и зоны евро: новые тенденции // Вестник Института экономики Российской академии наук. № 6. C. 99–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizenman J., Binici M., Hutchison M. (2014) The Transmission of Federal Reserve Tapering News to Emerging Financial Markets. VoxEU.org, April 4, 2014. Available at:  https://voxeu.org/article/transmission-fed-tapering-news-emerging-markets, accessed  21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скрыпник Д.В. (2014) Влияние политики количественного смягчения США на российскую экономику. Макроэконометрический анализ // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. C. 74–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdjiev S., Gambacorta L., Goldberg L.S., Schiaffi S. (2017) U.S. Monetary Policy as  a Changing Driver of Global Liquidity. Liberty Street Economics, October 11, 2017.  Available at: http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2017/10/us-monetary- policy-as-a-changing-driver-of-global-liquidity.html, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усоскин В.М. (2017) Нормализация режима монетарного регулирования в США // Деньги и кредит. № 8. C. 34–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattarai S., Chatterjee A., Park W.Y. (2017) US Monetary Policy Spillovers. Hong  Kong Institute for Monetary Research Working Paper. No. 17. Available at:  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3011843, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizenman J., Binici M., Hutchison M. (2014) The Transmission of Federal Reserve Tapering News to Emerging Financial Markets // VoxEU.org, April 4, 2014 // https://voxeu.org/article/transmissionfed-tapering-news-emerging-markets, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borallo F., Hernando I., Valles J. (2017) The Effects of US Unconventional Monetary Policies in Latin America. International Spillovers of Monetary Policy (eds. Garcia  A.E., Bolaños A.O.). Center for Latin American Monetary Studies.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdjiev S., Gambacorta L., Goldberg L. S., Schiaffi S. (2017) U.S. Monetary Policy as a Changing Driver of Global Liquidity // Liberty Street Economics, October 11, 2017 // http://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2017/10/us-monetarypolicy-as-a-changing- driver-of-global-liquidity.html, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowman D., Londoño J., Sapriza H. (2014) U.S. Unconventional Monetary Policy and  Transmission to Emerging Market Economics. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve  System. No. 1109. Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/PUBS/ifdp/2014/1109/ifdp1109.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattarai S., Chatterjee A., Park W.Y. (2017) US Monetary Policy Spillovers // Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research Working Paper. No. 17 // https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3011843, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caceres C., Carriere-Swallow Y., Demir I., Gruss B. (2016) U.S. Monetary Policy Normalization and Global Interest Rate. International Monetary Fund. WP/16/195.Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp16195.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borallo F., Hernando I., Valles J. (2017) The Effects of US Unconventional Monetary Policies in Latin America // International Spillovers of Monetary Policy (eds. Garcia A.E., Bolaños A.O.). Center for Latin American Monetary Studies. Bowman D., Londoño J., Sapriza H. (2014) U.S. Unconventional Monetary Policy and Transmission to Emerging Market Economics // Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. No. 1109 // https://www.federalreserve.gov/PUBS/ifdp/2014/1109/ifdp1109.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen J., Mancini-Griffoli T., Sahay R. (2014) Spillovers from United States Monetary Policy on Emerging Markets: Different This Time? International Monetary Fund.  WP/14/240. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14240.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caceres C., Carriere-Swallow Y., Demir I., Gruss B. (2016) U.S. Monetary Policy Normalization and Global Interest Rate // International Monetary Fund.WP/16/195 // http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp16195.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eichengreen B., Gupta P. (2014) Tapering Talk: The Impact of Expectations of Reduced Federal Reserve Security Purchases on Emerging Markets. MPRA Paper. No. 53040.  Available at: https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/53040/, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J., Mancini-Griffoli T., Sahay R. (2014) Spillovers from United States Monetary Policy on Emerging Markets: Different This Time? // International Monetary Fund. WP/14/240 // http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14240.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fawley B.W., Neely C.J. (2013) Four Stories of Quantitative Easing. Federal Reserve  Bank of St-Louis Review, vol. 95, no 1, pp. 51–88. Available at: https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/13/01/Fawley.pdf,  accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eichengreen B., Gupta P. (2014) Tapering Talk: The Impact of Expectations of Reduced Federal Reserve Security Purchases on Emerging Markets // MPRA Paper. No. 53040 // https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53040/, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldstein M. (2015) The Inflation Puzzle. Project Syndicate, May 29, 2015. Available  at: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/low-inflation-quantitative-easing- by-martin-feldstein-2015-05#psJrj3mlEPD2vfQT.99, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fawley B.W., Neely C.J. (2013) Four Stories of Quantitative Easing // Federal Reserve Bank of St-Louis Review, vol. 95, no 1, pp. 51–88 // https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/13/01/Fawley.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fratzscher M., Lo Duca M., Straub R. (2013) On the International Spillovers of us  Quantitative Easing. European Central Bank Working Paper. No. 1557. Available at:  http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1557.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldstein M. (2015) The Inflation Puzzle // Project Syndicate, May 29, 2015 // http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/low-inflation-quantitative-easing-by-martin- feldstein-2015-05#psJrj3mlEPD2vfQT.99, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovnin M. Yu. (2015) Denezhnokreditnaya politika SShА i zony evro: novye tendentsii [Monetary Policy in the US and Euro Area: New Trends]. Vestnik Instituta ekonomiki Rossijskoj akademii nauk, no 6, pp. 99–112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fratzscher M., Lo Duca M., Straub R. (2013) On the International Spillovers of us Quantitative Easing // European Central Bank Working Paper. No. 1557 // http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1557.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liberalizing Capital Flows and Managing Outflows (2012). International Monetary Fund, March 13, 2012. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2012/031312.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liberalizing Capital Flows and Managing Outflows (2012) // International Monetary Fund, March 13, 2012 // http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2012/031312.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishra P., Moriyama K., N’Diaye P., Nguyen L. (2014) Impact of Fed Tapering Announcements on Emerging Markets. International Monetary Fund. WP/14/109.Available  at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14109.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishra P., Moriyama K., N’Diaye P., Nguyen L. (2014) Impact of Fed Tapering Announcements on Emerging Markets // International Monetary Fund. WP/14/109 // http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14109.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratti R.A., Vespignani J.L. (2013) Why Are Crude Oil Prices High When Global Activity Is Weak? Economic Letters, vol. 121, no 1, pp. 133–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratti R.A., Vespignani J.L. (2013) Why Are Crude Oil Prices High When Global Activity Is Weak? // Economic Letters, vol. 121, no 1, pp. 133–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Recent Experiences in Managing Capital Inflows – Cross-Cutting Themes and Possible Policy Framework (2011). International Monetary Fund, February 14, 2011. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2011/021411a.pdf, accessed  21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Recent Experiences in Managing Capital Inflows – Cross-Cutting Themes and Possible Policy Framework (2011) // International Monetary Fund, February 14, 2011 // http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2011/021411a.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rey H. (2013) Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy  Independence. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Policy Symposium, pp.  285–333. Available at: https://www.kansascityfed.org/hgiSo/publicat/sympos/2013/2013Rey.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rey H. (2013) Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence // Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Policy Symposium, pp. 285– 333 // https://www.kansascityfed.org/hgiSo/publicat/sympos/2013/2013Rey.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skrypnik D. (2014) Vliyanie politiki kolichestvennogo smyagcheniya SShА na  rossijskuyu ekonomiku. Makroekonometricheskij analiz [The Spillover Effects of  Quantitative Easing in the United States for Russian Economy. Macroeconometric Analysis]. Journal of the New Economic Association, vol. 22, no 2, pp. 74–101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Fund’s Role Regarding Cross-Border Capital Flows (2010) // International Monetary Fund, November 15, 2010 // http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2010/111510.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Fund’s Role Regarding Cross-Border Capital Flows (2010). International Monetary  Fund, November 15, 2010. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2010/111510.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Liberalization And Management of Capital Flows: An Institutional View (2012) // International Monetary Fund, November 14, 2012 // http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2012/111412.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Liberalization And Management of Capital Flows: An Institutional View (2012).  International Monetary Fund, November 14, 2012. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2012/111412.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Multilateral Aspects of Policies Affecting Capital Flows (2011) // International Monetary Fund, October 13, 2011 // http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2011/101311.pdf, дата обращения 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Multilateral Aspects of Policies Affecting Capital Flows (2011). International Monetary Fund, October 13, 2011.Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2011/101311.pdf, accessed 21.04.2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshino N., Taghizadeh Hesary F. (2014) Monetary Policies and Oil Price Fluctuations Following the Subprime Mortgage Crisis // International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 157–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usoskin V.M. (2017) Normalizatsiya rezhima monetarnogo regulirovaniya v SShА  [Normalization of the US Monetary Policy]. Den’gi i kredit, no 8, pp. 34–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshino N., Taghizadeh Hesary F. (2014) Monetary Policies and Oil Price Fluctuations Following the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. International Journal of Monetary Economics  and Finance, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 157–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshino N., Taghizadeh Hesary F. (2014) Monetary Policies and Oil Price Fluctuations Following the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. International Journal of Monetary Economics  and Finance, vol. 7, no 3, pp. 157–174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
