centeroКонтуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, правоOutlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law2542-02402587-9324Center for Crisis Society Studies10.31249/kgt/2024.05.11centero-1607Research ArticleСтраницы прошлогоThe Pages of the PastРоль и воздействие пандемий в истории человечества: уроки и последствияPandemics in Human History: Lessons Learned and Lasting Impactshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-5325СаймонсГ.SimonsG.

Грег САЙМОНС, кандидат наук (PhD), доцент

Даффодил-смарт-сити, Бирулиа, Савар, г. Дакка, 1216

Greg SIMONS, PhD, Associate Professor

Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1216

gregmons@yahoo.comМеждународный университет ДаффодилБангладешDaffodil International UniversityBangladesh202429042025175199214Copyright © Саймонс Г., 20252025Саймонс Г.Simons G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1607

В мировой истории неоднократно кризисы в области здравоохранения в результате пандемий разрушали политический, социальный и экономический порядок в организованных человеческих сообществах. Из этих исторических событий постоянно извлекаются уроки для лучшего понимания будущих пандемий, подготовки к ним и смягчения их последствий. Эта обзорная статья, в которой рассматриваются перспективы антикризисного управления и антикризисной коммуникации, направлена на практическое применение исторического опыта человечества в сфере разработки соответствующей политики. Используя как академическую, так и популярную литературу о прошлых пандемиях, автор статьи пытается применить эти идеи к пандемии COVID-19 в тот период, когда кризис еще только разворачивался. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что наиболее важные уроки, извлеченные из прошлых кризисов в области здравоохранения, часто не усваиваются должным образом и не применяются на практике, возможно, из-за политического давления, возникающего во время таких кризисов

Health crises, particularly in the form of pandemics, have a long history of destroying and disrupting the political, social, and economic order of organized human societies. There is a continuous endeavor to derive lessons from these historical events to better comprehend, prepare for, and mitigate the impacts of future pandemics. This review article, adopting the perspectives of crisis management and crisis communication, seeks to operationalize historical human experiences in the realm of policy-making. By engaging with both academic and popular literature on past pandemic events, the article endeavors to apply these insights to the COVID-19 pandemic while the crisis was still unfolding. The findings indicate that the most pertinent lessons from past health crises are often not accurately learned or applied, potentially due to political pressures that emerge during such crises.

кризисное управлениепандемиявосприятиеортодоксальность знанийCOVID-19crisis managementpandemicperceptionsorthodoxy of knowledgeCOVID-19ReferencesA Review: Epidemics and Pandemics in Human History / Kaur H., Garg S., Joshi H., Ayaz S., Sharma S., Bhandari M. // International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 8, N 2. – P. 3139–3142. – DOI: 10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01.A Review: Epidemics and Pandemics in Human History / Kaur H., Garg S., Joshi H., Ayaz S., Sharma S., Bhandari M. // International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 8, N 2. – P. 3139–3142. – DOI: 10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01.Abraham T. Lessons From the Pandemic: The Need for New Tools for Risk and Outbreak Communication // Emer ging Health Threats Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 4, N 1. – DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7160.Abraham T. Lessons From the Pandemic: The Need for New Tools for Risk and Outbreak Communication // Emer ging Health Threats Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 4, N 1. – DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7160.Alfani G., Bonetti M., Fochesato M. Pandemics and socio-economic status. Evidence from the plague of 1630 in northern Italy // Population Studies. – 2024. – Vol. 78, N 1. – P. 21–42. – DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2197412.Alfani G., Bonetti M., Fochesato M. Pandemics and socio-economic status. Evidence from the plague of 1630 in northern Italy // Population Studies. – 2024. – Vol. 78, N 1. – P. 21–42. – DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2197412.Arksey H., O’Malley L. Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework // International Journal of Social Research Methodology. – 2005. – Vol. 8, N 1. – P. 19–32.Arksey H., O’Malley L. Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework // International Journal of Social Research Methodology. – 2005. – Vol. 8, N 1. – P. 19–32.Armitage A., Keeble-Ramsay D. The rapid structured literature review as a research strategy // US-China Education Review. – 2009. – Vol. 6, N 4. – P. 27–38.Armitage A., Keeble-Ramsay D. The rapid structured literature review as a research strategy // US-China Education Review. – 2009. – Vol. 6, N 4. – P. 27–38.Barry J.M. The Site of Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Public Health Implications // Journal of Translational Medicine. – 2004. – Vol. 2, N 3. – DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-3.Barry J.M. The Site of Origin of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Public Health Implications // Journal of Translational Medicine. – 2004. – Vol. 2, N 3. – DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-3.Bootsma M.C.J., Ferguson N.M. The Effect of Public Health Measures on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in U.S. Cities // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. – 2007. – Vol. 104, N 18. – P. 7588–7593. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611071104.Bootsma M.C.J., Ferguson N.M. The Effect of Public Health Measures on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in U.S. Cities // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. – 2007. – Vol. 104, N 18. – P. 7588–7593. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611071104.Brataas K. Crisis Communication: Case Studies and Lessons Learned From International Disasters. – London : Routledge, 2018. – 224 p.Brataas K. Crisis Communication: Case Studies and Lessons Learned From International Disasters. – London : Routledge, 2018. – 224 p.Brändström A. Crisis, Accountability and Blame Management: Strategies and Survival of Political Office Holders. – Stockholm : Swedish Defence University, 2016. – 161 p.Brändström A. Crisis, Accountability and Blame Management: Strategies and Survival of Political Office Holders. – Stockholm : Swedish Defence University, 2016. – 161 p.Communications in Canadian Society / Ed. by B.D. Singer. – 2nd ed. – Toronto : Copp Clark, 1975. – 342 p.Communications in Canadian Society / Ed. by B.D. Singer. – 2nd ed. – Toronto : Copp Clark, 1975. – 342 p.Coombs W.T. Impact of Past Crises on Current Crisis Communication: Insights From Situational Crisis Communication Theory // Journal of Business Communication. – 2024. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 265–289.Coombs W.T. Impact of Past Crises on Current Crisis Communication: Insights From Situational Crisis Communication Theory // Journal of Business Communication. – 2024. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 265–289.Dodds W. The World’s Worst Problems. – Cham (Switzerland) : Springer, 2019. – 157 p.Dodds W. The World’s Worst Problems. – Cham (Switzerland) : Springer, 2019. – 157 p.Doran Á., Colvin C.L., McLaughlin E. What can we learn from historical pandemics? A systematic review of the literature // Social Science & Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 342, N 4. – DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116534.Doran Á., Colvin C.L., McLaughlin E. What can we learn from historical pandemics? A systematic review of the literature // Social Science & Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 342, N 4. – DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116534.Doren T.P. van, Kelmelis S. Contextualizing pandemics: Respiratory survivorship before, during, and after the 1918 influenza pandemic in Newfoundland // American Journal of Biological Anthropology. – 2023. – Vol. 181, N 1. – P. 70–84. – DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24678.Doren T.P. van, Kelmelis S. Contextualizing pandemics: Respiratory survivorship before, during, and after the 1918 influenza pandemic in Newfoundland // American Journal of Biological Anthropology. – 2023. – Vol. 181, N 1. – P. 70–84. – DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24678.Epidemics and Pandemics in the History of Humankind and How Governments Deal With Them: A Review From the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Age / Habicht M.E., Pate F.D., Varotto E., Galassi F.M. // Rivista Trimestraele di SCIENZA dell’AMMINISTRAZIONE: Studi di teoria e ricerca sociale. – 2020. – N 2. – DOI: 10.32049/RTSA.2020.2.03.Epidemics and Pandemics in the History of Humankind and How Governments Deal With Them: A Review From the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Age / Habicht M.E., Pate F.D., Varotto E., Galassi F.M. // Rivista Trimestraele di SCIENZA dell’AMMINISTRAZIONE: Studi di teoria e ricerca sociale. – 2020. – N 2. – DOI: 10.32049/RTSA.2020.2.03.Ethics and Crisis Management / Ed. by L. Svedin. – Charlotte (NC) : Information Age Publishing, 2011. – 274 p.Ethics and Crisis Management / Ed. by L. Svedin. – Charlotte (NC) : Information Age Publishing, 2011. – 274 p.Flecknoe D., Wakefield B.C., Simmons A. Plagues and Wars: The ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic as a Lesson From History // Medicine, Conflict and Survival. – 2018. – Vol. 34, N 2. – P. 61–68. – DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892.Flecknoe D., Wakefield B.C., Simmons A. Plagues and Wars: The ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic as a Lesson From History // Medicine, Conflict and Survival. – 2018. – Vol. 34, N 2. – P. 61–68. – DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892.Glatter K.A., Finkelman P. History of the plague: An ancient pandemic for the age of COVID-19 // The American Journal of Medicine. – 2021. – Vol. 134, N 2. – P. 176–181. – DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019.Glatter K.A., Finkelman P. History of the plague: An ancient pandemic for the age of COVID-19 // The American Journal of Medicine. – 2021. – Vol. 134, N 2. – P. 176–181. – DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019.Gomez J.M., Verdu M. Network Theory May Explain the Vulnerability of Medieval Settlements to the Black Death Pandemic // Scientific Reports. – 2017. – Vol. 7. – DOI: 10.1038/srep43467.Gomez J.M., Verdu M. Network Theory May Explain the Vulnerability of Medieval Settlements to the Black Death Pandemic // Scientific Reports. – 2017. – Vol. 7. – DOI: 10.1038/srep43467.Gough D. Weight of Evidence: A Framework for the Appraisal of the Quality and Relevance of Evidence // Research Papers in Education. – 2007. – Vol. 22, N 2. – P. 213–228.Gough D. Weight of Evidence: A Framework for the Appraisal of the Quality and Relevance of Evidence // Research Papers in Education. – 2007. – Vol. 22, N 2. – P. 213–228.Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning / Ed. by A. Boin, A. McConnell, P. ‘T Hart. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008. – 338 p.Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning / Ed. by A. Boin, A. McConnell, P. ‘T Hart. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008. – 338 p.Holmes B.J. Communicating About Emerging Infectious Disease: The Importance of Research // Health, Risk & Society. – 2008. – Vol. 10, N 4. – P. 349–360. – DOI: 10.1080/13698570802166431.Holmes B.J. Communicating About Emerging Infectious Disease: The Importance of Research // Health, Risk & Society. – 2008. – Vol. 10, N 4. – P. 349–360. – DOI: 10.1080/13698570802166431.Huremovic D. Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) // Psychiatry of Pandemics / Ed. by D. Huremovic. – Cham (Switzerland) : Springer, 2019. – P. 7–35.Huremovic D. Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) // Psychiatry of Pandemics / Ed. by D. Huremovic. – Cham (Switzerland) : Springer, 2019. – P. 7–35.Kelly B.D. Plagues, Pandemics and Epidemics in Irish History Prior to COVID-19 (Coronavirus): What can we Learn? // Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 37, N 4. – P. 269–274. – DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.25.Kelly B.D. Plagues, Pandemics and Epidemics in Irish History Prior to COVID-19 (Coronavirus): What can we Learn? // Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 37, N 4. – P. 269–274. – DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.25.Ki E.-J., Brown K.A. The Effects of Crisis Response Strategies on Relationship Quality Outcomes // Journal of Business Communication. – 2013. – Vol. 50, N 4. – P. 403–420. – DOI: 10.1177/0021943613497056.Ki E.-J., Brown K.A. The Effects of Crisis Response Strategies on Relationship Quality Outcomes // Journal of Business Communication. – 2013. – Vol. 50, N 4. – P. 403–420. – DOI: 10.1177/0021943613497056.McLafferty S. Placing Pandemics: Geographical Dimensions of Vulnerability and Spread // Eurasian Geography and Economics. – 2010. – Vol. 51, N 2. – P. 143– 161. Morens D.M., Fauci A.S. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2007. – Vol. 195, N 7. – P. 1018– 1028. – DOI: 10.1086/511989.McLafferty S. Placing Pandemics: Geographical Dimensions of Vulnerability and Spread // Eurasian Geography and Economics. – 2010. – Vol. 51, N 2. – P. 143– 161. Morens D.M., Fauci A.S. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Insights for the 21st Century // The Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2007. – Vol. 195, N 7. – P. 1018– 1028. – DOI: 10.1086/511989.Morens D.M., Taubenberger J.K. The Mother of All Pandemics is 100 Years Old (and Going Strong)! // American Journal of Public Health. – 2018. – Vol. 108, N 11. – P. 1449–1454. – DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304631.Morens D.M., Taubenberger J.K. The Mother of All Pandemics is 100 Years Old (and Going Strong)! // American Journal of Public Health. – 2018. – Vol. 108, N 11. – P. 1449–1454. – DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304631.Morse S.S. Pandemic Influenza: Studying the Lessons of History // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. – 2007. – Vol. 104, N 18. – P. 7313–7314. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702659104.Morse S.S. Pandemic Influenza: Studying the Lessons of History // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. – 2007. – Vol. 104, N 18. – P. 7313–7314. – DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702659104.Mullins S., Spence S.A. Re-Examining Thought Insertion: Semi-Structured Literature Review and Conceptual Analysis // British Journal of Psychiatry. – 2003. – N 182. – P. 293–298.Mullins S., Spence S.A. Re-Examining Thought Insertion: Semi-Structured Literature Review and Conceptual Analysis // British Journal of Psychiatry. – 2003. – N 182. – P. 293–298.Ogrizek M., Guillery J-M. Communicating in Crises: A Theoretical and Practical Guide to Crisis Management. – New York : Aldine De Gruyter, 1999. – 94 p.Ogrizek M., Guillery J-M. Communicating in Crises: A Theoretical and Practical Guide to Crisis Management. – New York : Aldine De Gruyter, 1999. – 94 p.Palaeomicrobiology: Past Human Infections / Ed. by D. Raoult, M. Drancourt. – Berlin : Springer, 2008. – 239 p.Palaeomicrobiology: Past Human Infections / Ed. by D. Raoult, M. Drancourt. – Berlin : Springer, 2008. – 239 p.Pandemic COVID-19 Joins History’s Pandemic Legion / Morens D.M., Daszak P., Markel H., Taubenberger J.K. // mBio, Clinical Science and Epidemiology. – 2020. – Vol. 11, N 3. – Article e00812-20. – DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00812-20.Pandemic COVID-19 Joins History’s Pandemic Legion / Morens D.M., Daszak P., Markel H., Taubenberger J.K. // mBio, Clinical Science and Epidemiology. – 2020. – Vol. 11, N 3. – Article e00812-20. – DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00812-20.Pandemics of the Past: A Narrative Review / Khan U., Mehta R., Arif M.A., Lakhani O.J. // Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. – 2020. – Vol. 70, N 5. – P. 34–37. – DOI: 10.5455/JPMA.11.Pandemics of the Past: A Narrative Review / Khan U., Mehta R., Arif M.A., Lakhani O.J. // Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. – 2020. – Vol. 70, N 5. – P. 34–37. – DOI: 10.5455/JPMA.11.Pawar A.V., Spence S.A. Defining Thought Broadcast: Semi-Structured Literature Review // British Journal of Psychiatry. – 2003. – Vol. 183, October. – P. 287–291. – DOI: 10.1192/bjp.183.4.287.Pawar A.V., Spence S.A. Defining Thought Broadcast: Semi-Structured Literature Review // British Journal of Psychiatry. – 2003. – Vol. 183, October. – P. 287–291. – DOI: 10.1192/bjp.183.4.287.Piret J., Boivin G. Pandemics Throughout History // Frontiers in Microbiology. – 2021. – Vol. 11, January. – DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736.Piret J., Boivin G. Pandemics Throughout History // Frontiers in Microbiology. – 2021. – Vol. 11, January. – DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736.Register M., Larkin J. Risk Issues and Crisis Management: A Casebook of Best Practice. – 3rd Edition. – London : Kogan Page, 2005. – 236 p.Register M., Larkin J. Risk Issues and Crisis Management: A Casebook of Best Practice. – 3rd Edition. – London : Kogan Page, 2005. – 236 p.Roberts A. Pandemics and politics // Survival. – 2003. – Vol. 62, October- November. – P. 7–40. – DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2020.1819641.Roberts A. Pandemics and politics // Survival. – 2003. – Vol. 62, October- November. – P. 7–40. – DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2020.1819641.Ruff P., Aziz K. Managing Communications in a Crisis. – Aldershot : Gower, 2003. – 192 p.Ruff P., Aziz K. Managing Communications in a Crisis. – Aldershot : Gower, 2003. – 192 p.SARS From East to West / Ed. by E.-K. Olsson, X. Lan. – Lanham (MD) : Lexington Books, 270 p.SARS From East to West / Ed. by E.-K. Olsson, X. Lan. – Lanham (MD) : Lexington Books, 270 p.Saunders-Hastings P.R., Krewski D. Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission // Pathogens. – 2016. – Vol. 5. – Article 66. – P. 1–19. – DOI: doi:10.3390/pathogens5040066.Saunders-Hastings P.R., Krewski D. Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission // Pathogens. – 2016. – Vol. 5. – Article 66. – P. 1–19. – DOI: doi:10.3390/pathogens5040066.Simons G. A Critical Review of Popular Science Forecasts of the Economic Effects of COVID-19 Within the Frame of Crisis Management // Studies on Russian Economic Development. – 2021. – Vol. 32, N 4. – P. 351–356. – DOI: 10.1134/S1075700721040146.Simons G. A Critical Review of Popular Science Forecasts of the Economic Effects of COVID-19 Within the Frame of Crisis Management // Studies on Russian Economic Development. – 2021. – Vol. 32, N 4. – P. 351–356. – DOI: 10.1134/S1075700721040146.Simons G. Communicating Tragedy and Values Through the Mass Media During Crises: The Lessons of Submarine Accidents in Russia // Crises in Russia: Contemporary Management Policy and Practice From A Historical Perspective / Ed. by B. Porfiriev, G. Simons. – Farnham : Ashgate, 2012. – P. 139–174.Simons G. Communicating Tragedy and Values Through the Mass Media During Crises: The Lessons of Submarine Accidents in Russia // Crises in Russia: Contemporary Management Policy and Practice From A Historical Perspective / Ed. by B. Porfiriev, G. Simons. – Farnham : Ashgate, 2012. – P. 139–174.Simons G. Swedish Government and Country Image during the International Media Coverage of the Coronavirus Pandemic Strategy: From Bold to Pariah // Journalism and Media. – 2020a. – Vol. 1, N 1. – P. 41–58. – DOI: 10.3390/journalmedia1010004.Simons G. Swedish Government and Country Image during the International Media Coverage of the Coronavirus Pandemic Strategy: From Bold to Pariah // Journalism and Media. – 2020a. – Vol. 1, N 1. – P. 41–58. – DOI: 10.3390/journalmedia1010004.Simons G. The Corona Virus Pandemic and Global Transformations: Making or Breaking International Orders? // Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. – 2020b. – Vol. 13, N 5. – P. 20–37. – DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-2.Simons G. The Corona Virus Pandemic and Global Transformations: Making or Breaking International Orders? // Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. – 2020b. – Vol. 13, N 5. – P. 20–37. – DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-2.Snyder H. Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines // Journal of Business Research. – 2019. – Vol. 104, November. – P. 333–339. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039.Snyder H. Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines // Journal of Business Research. – 2019. – Vol. 104, November. – P. 333–339. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039.Stern E.K. Crisis Decisionmaking: A Cognitive-Institutional Approach. – Stockholm : Swedish National Defence College, 2003. – 301 p.Stern E.K. Crisis Decisionmaking: A Cognitive-Institutional Approach. – Stockholm : Swedish National Defence College, 2003. – 301 p.Systematic Review Methodology in Higher Education / Bearman M., Smith C.D., Carbone A., Slade S., Baik C., Hughes-Warrington M., Neumann D.L. // Higher Education Research & Development. – 2012. – Vol. 31, N 5. – P. 625–640. – DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2012.702735.Systematic Review Methodology in Higher Education / Bearman M., Smith C.D., Carbone A., Slade S., Baik C., Hughes-Warrington M., Neumann D.L. // Higher Education Research & Development. – 2012. – Vol. 31, N 5. – P. 625–640. – DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2012.702735.The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for 2009 and the Future / Morens D.M., Taubenberger J.K., Harvey H.A., Memoli M.J. // Critical Care Medicine. – 2010. – Vol. 38, suppl. N 4. – P. 10–20. – DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ceb25b.The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons for 2009 and the Future / Morens D.M., Taubenberger J.K., Harvey H.A., Memoli M.J. // Critical Care Medicine. – 2010. – Vol. 38, suppl. N 4. – P. 10–20. – DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ceb25b.The Pandemic and its Impacts / Qiu W., Rutherford S., Mao A., Chu C. // Health, Culture and Society. – 2016–2017. – Vol. 9–10. – P. 3–11. – DOI: 10.5195/hcs.2017.221.The Pandemic and its Impacts / Qiu W., Rutherford S., Mao A., Chu C. // Health, Culture and Society. – 2016–2017. – Vol. 9–10. – P. 3–11. – DOI: 10.5195/hcs.2017.221.The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership Under Pressure / Boin A., ‘T Hart P., Stern E., Sundelius B. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 182 p.The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership Under Pressure / Boin A., ‘T Hart P., Stern E., Sundelius B. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 182 p.Venkatapuram S. Human Capabilities and Pandemics // Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. – 2020. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 280–286. – DOI: 10.1080/19452829.2020.1786028.Venkatapuram S. Human Capabilities and Pandemics // Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. – 2020. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 280–286. – DOI: 10.1080/19452829.2020.1786028.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.