<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/kgt/2024.03.09</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-1534</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Панорама Африки и Ближнего Востока</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Africa and the Middle East: the Сhanging Landscape</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Шиитский вопрос» в политическом развитии Саудовской Аравии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The “Shi‘a Question” in the Political Development of Saudi Arabia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-8786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останин-Головня</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostanin-Golovnya</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василий Дмитриевич ОСТАНИН-ГОЛОВНЯ, научный сотрудник Отдела Ближнего и Постсоветского Востока</p><p>Нахимовский проспект, д. 51/21, г. Москва, 117418</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasily D. OSTANIN-GOLOVNYA, Researcher at the Department of Middle and Post-Soviet East</p><p>Nakhimovsky Avenue, 51/21, Moscow, 117418</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ostanin-golovnya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт научной информации по общественным наукам РАН (ИНИОН РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy  of Sciences (INION RAN)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>169–185</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Останин-Головня В.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Останин-Головня В.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ostanin-Golovnya V.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1534">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1534</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируется влияние «шиитского вопроса» на политическое развитие Саудовской Аравии. Актуальность изучения межконфессиональных отношений в Королевстве Саудовская Аравия (КСА) обусловлена религиозной спецификой государства, которая является мощным фактором эволюции внутренней и внешней политики Эр-Рияда. Автор описывает процесс превращения «шиитского вопроса» из проблем внутренней стабильности королевства в один из важнейших элементов внешнеполитического курса Саудовской Аравии. Освещаются методологические аспекты исследования межконфессиональных отношений в КСА. Особое внимание уделяется определению численности шиитской общины королевства с привлечением как результатов официальной переписи населения 2022 г., так и альтернативных оценок на основе сторонних данных. Отдельно рассматривается влияние «шиитского вопроса» на развитие двусторонних отношений Саудовской Аравии и Ирана после 1979 г., а также взаимосвязь политической динамики Ближнего Востока и трансформации подходов Эр-Рияда к решению вопросов внутренней стабильности. В заключении представлена оценка проблем и перспектив развития политики КСА в сфере межконфессиональных отношений на фоне проводимых в рамках программы «Видение: 2030» реформ и текущих событий в регионе, в том числе в контексте нормализации ирано-саудовских отношений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyzes the influence of the “Shi‘a Question” on the political development of Saudi Arabia. The relevance of studying interfaith relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is due to the religious specifics of the state, which is a powerful factor in the evolution of Riyadh’s domestic and foreign policy. The author describes the process of transforming the “Shi‘a Question” from problems of internal stability of the kingdom into one of the most important elements of Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy. The methodological aspects of the study of interfaith relations in the KSA are covered. Particular attention is paid to determining the size of the kingdom’s Shiite community, using both the official 2022 census results and alternative estimates based on third-party data. The influence of the “Shi‘a Question” on the development of bilateral relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran after 1979, as well as the relationship between the political dynamics of the Middle East and the transformation of Riyadh’s approaches to resolving issues of internal stability are separately examined. In conclusion, an assessment of the problems and prospects for the development of the KSA policy in the field of interfaith relations is presented against the background of reforms carried out within the framework of the Vision: 2030 program and current events in the region, including in the context of the normalization of Iranian-Saudi relations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Саудовская Аравия</kwd><kwd>шиизм</kwd><kwd>суннизм</kwd><kwd>ваххабизм</kwd><kwd>суннито-шиитский конфликт</kwd><kwd>ирано-саудовские отношения</kwd><kwd>исламский фактор</kwd><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd><kwd>Islamic factor</kwd><kwd>Shiism</kwd><kwd>Sunnism</kwd><kwd>Wahhabism</kwd><kwd>Sunni-Shiite conflict</kwd><kwd>Iran-Saudi relations</kwd><kwd>Middle East</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев А.М. История Саудовской Аравии (1745 г. – конец ХХ в.). – Москва : «Классика плюс», 1999. – 672 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">al-Mdaires F.A. (2010). Islamic Extremism in Kuwait: From the Muslim Brotherhood to Al-Qaeda and other Islamic Political Groups. Abingdon: Taylor &amp; Francis, 304 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кириченко В. Положение шиитского меньшинства в Саудовской Аравии: социальный и политический аспекты // Россия и мусульманский мир. – 2015. – № 6 (276). – С. 134–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armstrong H.C. (2005). Lord of Arabia Ibn Saud: The Intimate Study of a King. London: Kegan Paul, 296 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косач Г.Г. Саудовская Аравия после Арабской весны: меняющаяся внутренняя политика // Восток. Афро-азиатские общества: история и современность. – 2021. – № 3. – С. 97–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beranek О. (2009). Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Brief. No. 33. Available at: https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/1-100/meb33.pdf, accessed 15.05.2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косач Г.Г. Саудовская Аравия: Центр национального диалога в контексте «этапа реформ» // Ислам на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке. – 2010. – № 5. – С. 303–324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikrizova O.S. (2015). On the Question of the Methodology for Studying Sunni-Shiite Relations. Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: International relations. No. 3, pp. 74–82 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов А.А. Суннитско-шиитские противоречия в контексте геополитики региона Ближнего Востока (1979–2016). – Москва : Издательство Университета Дмитрия Пожарского, 2021. – 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Commins D. (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I.B. Tauris, 276 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Останин-Головня В.Д. Поворот на Ближний Восток: фактор «исламского пробуждения» // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. – 2022. – Т. 15, № 2. – С. 209–221. – DOI: 10.31249/kgt/2022.02.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeLong-Bas N.J. (2005). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 370 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Субх М.А. О преследовании представителей оппозиции в некоторых странах ССАГПЗ // Институт Ближнего Востока. – 2012. – URL: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=15136 (дата обращения: 15.05.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evered E.Ö. (2012). Rereading Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’s Historical Survey of the Movement. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 622–632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федорченко А.В. Межконфессиональные противоречия в Саудовской Аравии: «шиитский вопрос» // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. – 2013. – № 2 (29). – С. 107–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorchenko A.V. (2013). Interfaith Contradictions in Saudi Arabia: the “Shiite Question”. Bulletin of MGIMO-University. No. 2 (29), pp. 107–112 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чикризова О.С. К вопросу о методологии изучения суннито-шиитских взаимоотношений // Вестник РУДН. Серия: Международные отношения. – 2015. – № 3. – С. 74–82. al-Mdaires F.A. Islamic Extremism in Kuwait: From the Muslim Brotherhood to Al-Qaeda and other Islamic Political Groups. – Abingdon : Taylor &amp; Francis, 2010. – 304 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirichenko V. (2015). The Situation of the Shiite Minority in Saudi Arabia: Social and Political Aspects. Russia and the Muslim World. No. 6 (276), pp. 134–147 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armstrong H.C. Lord of Arabia Ibn Saud: The Intimate Study of a King. – London : Kegan Paul, 2005. – 296 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosach G.G. (2010). Saudi Arabia: Center for National Dialogue in the Context of the “Reform Stage”. Islam in the Near and Middle East. No. 5, pp. 303–324 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beranek О. Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia // Middle East Brief. – 2009. – N 33. – URL: https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/1-100/meb33.pdf (дата обращения: 15.05.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosach G.G. (2021). Saudi Arabia after the Arab Spring: Changing Domestic Policy. East. Afro-Asian Societies: History and Modernity. No. 3, pp. 97–108 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Commins D. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. – London : I.B. Tauris, 2009. – 276 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov A.A. (2021). Sunni-Shiite Contradictions in the Context of the Geopolitics of the Middle East Region (1979–2016). Moscow: Dmitry Pozharsky University Publishing House, 352 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeLong-Bas N.J. Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. – Cairo : The American University in Cairo Press, 2005. – 370 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacey R. (2009). Inside the Kingdom. New York: Viking, 466 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evered E.Ö. Rereading Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’s Historical Survey of the Movement // Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. – 2012. – Vol. 32, no. 3. – P. 622–632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthiesen T. (2010). Hizbullah al-Hijaz: A History of the Most Radical Saudi Shi’a Opposition Group. Middle East Journal. No. 2, pp. 179–197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahmy D. 5 fact about religion in Saudi Arabia // Pew Research Center. – 2018. – URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/shortreads/2018/04/12/5-facts-about-religion-in-saudi-arabia/ (дата обращения: 15.05.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Middle East Report… (2005). Middle East Report №45: The Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia. Brussels: ICG, 20 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacey R. Inside the Kingdom. – New York : Viking, 2009. – 466 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammadi A. (2015). The Destruction of Jannat al-Baqi’: A Case of Wahhabi Iconoclasm. University of Toronto Undergraduate Journal of Middle East Studies. No. 8, pp. 47–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthiesen T. Hizbullah al-Hijaz: A History of the Most Radical Saudi Shi’a Opposition Group // Middle East Journal. – 2010. – N 2. – Р. 179–197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nehme M.G. (1994). Saudi Arabia 1950-80: Between Nationalism and Religion. Middle Eastern Studies. No. 4, pp. 930–943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Middle East Report №45: The Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia. – Brussels : ICG, 2005. – 20 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostanin-Golovnya V.D. (2022). Turn to the Middle East: The Factor of “Islamic Awakening”. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 209–221 (in Russian). DOI: 10.31249/kgt/2022.02.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammadi A. The Destruction of Jannat al-Baqi’: A Case of Wahhabi Iconoclasm // University of Toronto Undergraduate Journal of Middle East Studies. – 2015. – N 8. – P. 47–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subh M.A. (2012). On the Persecution of Opposition Representatives in some GCC Countries. Middle East Institute (in Russian). Available at: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=15136, accessed 15.05.2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nehme M.G. Saudi Arabia 1950-80: Between Nationalism and Religion // Middle Eastern Studies. – 1994. – N 4. – P. 930–943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukkar A. (2010). Political reform and its impacts on political stability: a case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period from 1990 to 2010 (PhD thesis). VU Research Repository. Available at: https://vuir.vu.edu.au/17748/3.haslightboxThumbnailVersion/SUKKAR%20Atif-theses_nosignature.pdf, accessed 15.05.2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sukkar A. Political reform and its impacts on political stability: a case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the period from 1990 to 2010 (PhD thesis) // VU Research Repository. – 2010. – URL: https://vuir.vu.edu.au/17748/3.haslightboxThumbnailVersion/SUKKAR%20Atif-theses_nosignature.pdf (дата обращения: 15.05.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev A.M. (1999). History of Saudi Arabia (1745 – end of the twentieth century). Moscow: “Classics Plus”, 672 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
