centeroКонтуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, правоOutlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law2542-02402587-9324Center for Crisis Society Studies10.31249/kgt/2023.05.02centero-1506Research ArticleПраво и политикаPolitics and LawМеры государственной поддержки атомной энергетики: опыт зарубежных странMeasures of State Support of Nuclear Energy: The Experience of Foreign Countrieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-4385ЛизиковаМ. С.LizikovaM. S.

Марина Сергеевна ЛИЗИКОВА, кандидат юридических наук, старший научный сотрудник сектора гражданского и предпринимательского права

ул. Знаменка, д. 10, г. Москва, 119019

Marina S. LIZIKOVA, PhD (Law), Senior Research Fellow, Department of Civil and Business Law

Znamenka Street, 10, Moscow, 119019

lizikova_m@mail.ruИнститут государства и права Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2023111220241652539Copyright © Лизикова М.С., 20252025Лизикова М.С.Lizikova M.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1506

В статье рассмотрены факторы государственного участия и поддержки атомной энергетики, а также подходы к классификации его моделей и форм. Отмечено, что модели развития атомной энергетики с недостаточной долей государственного участия и поддержки в современных условиях показали свою неэффективность, что привело к отставанию реализующих их стран (в первую очередь США, Великобритании, Франции, Швеции и др.) от конкурирующих государств. Анализ программно-стратегических документов и принятых в последние годы законодательных актов этих государств показал их стремление расширить и ускорить развитие атомной энергетики посредством значительного усиления государственной поддержки отрасли. В числе мер последней автором выявлены и охарактеризованы: введение налоговых кредитов и льгот, поиск и утверждение новых способов финансирования крупных инфраструктурных проектов, усиление роли органов государственной власти и управления, снижение нормативного бремени на отрасль, запуск программ поддержки развития атомной энергетики, законодательная поддержка. В заключении сделан вывод о переоценке, пересмотре и стремлении к модернизации отдельными зарубежными государствами действовавших ранее моделей государственного участия и поддержки атомной энергетики. Подчеркивается, что только согласованный, системный и всесторонний характер мер, отраженных в нормативно-правовых актах, обеспечивающих их реализацию, может способствовать увеличению доли атомной энергии в энергетическом балансе этих государств и оказать положительное влияние на решение стоящих перед ними экономических, энергетических и климатических проблем.

The article considers the factors of state participation and support of nuclear energy and approaches to the classification of its models and forms. It is noted that the models for the development of nuclear energy with an insufficient share of state participation and support in modern conditions have shown their inefficiency, which has led to the lag of the countries implementing them (first of all, the USA, Great Britain, France, Sweden, etc.) from the competing states. The analysis of the program-strategic documents and legislative acts of these states adopted in recent years showed their desire to expand and accelerate the development of nuclear energy through a significant increase in state support for the industry. Among the measures of the latter, the author identified and characterized: the introduction of tax credits and benefits, the search for and approval of new ways to finance large infrastructure projects, strengthening the role of state authorities and administration, reducing the regulatory burden on the industry, launching programs to support the development of nuclear energy, legislative support. The conclusion is made about the reassessment, revision and desire for modernization by individual foreign states of the previously existing models of state participation and support for nuclear energy. It is emphasized that only the coordinated, systematic and comprehensive nature of the measures reflected in the regulatory legal acts that ensure their implementation can contribute to an increase in the share of nuclear energy in the energy balance of these states and have a positive impact on the solution of their economic, energy and climate problems.

атомная энергетикаправовое регулированиезаконодательство в области использования атомной энергииядерная энергияэнергетическая политикаэнергетическое правоинвестициилицензированиеинновационные ядерные технологиигосударственная поддержкаnuclear energylegal regulationregulation in atomic energy usenuclear energyenergy policyenergy lawinvestmentsintroductionimplementation of nuclear technologiesstate supportReferencesЛизикова М.С. Модернизация правового регулирования атомной энергетики в США // Труды Института государства и права Российской академии наук. – 2021. – Т. 16, № 2. – С. 148–166.Andrews-Speed P. (2022). The governance of civil nuclear power in France: advantages and disadvantages of deep state involvement. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business. Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 151–166.Шульга И. Государственное (без)участие // Атомный эксперт. – 2019. – № 7. – URL: https://atomicexpert.com/state_participation (дата обращения: 04.05.2023).Bradford Р. (2013). How to close the US nuclear industry: Do nothing. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 12–21.Andrews-Speed P. The governance of civil nuclear power in France: advantages and disadvantages of deep state involvement // The Journal of World Energy Law & Business. – 2022. – Vol. 15, N 2. – Р. 151–166.Brendler V. (2023). Who shapes the energy transition? National regulatory styles and societal involvement in renewable energy policy. Z Politikwiss. No. 33, pp. 325–354.Bradford Р. How to close the US nuclear industry: Do nothing // Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. – 2023. – Vol. 69, N 2. – P. 12–21.Chesshire J. (1992). Why nuclear power failed the market test in the UK. Energy Policy. Vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 744–754.Brendler V. Who shapes the energy transition? National regulatory styles and societal involvement in renewable energy policy // Z Politikwiss. – 2023. – N 33. – P. 325–354.Drupadu I.M. (2019). Emerging Nuclear Vendors in The Newcomer Export Market: Strategic Considerations. Journal of World Energy Law & Business. Vol. 12, issue 1, pp. 4–20.Chesshire J. Why nuclear power failed the market test in the UK // Energy Policy. – 1992. – Vol. 20, N 8. – P. 744–754.Gattie D.K. (2018). A strategic policy framework for advancing U.S. civilian nuclear power as a national security imperative. The Electricity Journal. No. 31, pp. 23–32.Drupadu I.M. Emerging Nuclear Vendors in The Newcomer Export Market: Strategic Considerations // Journal of World Energy Law & Business. – 2019. – Vol. 12, issue 1. – P. 4–20.Gattie D.K. (2020). U.S. energy, climate and nuclear power policy in the 21st century: The primacy of national security. The Electricity Journal. Vol. 33, article no. 106690.Gattie D.K. A strategic policy framework for advancing U.S. civilian nuclear power as a national security imperative // The Electricity Journal. – 2018. – N 31. – Р. 23–32.Heffron R.J. (2013a). Nuclear energy policy in the United States 1990–2010: A federal or state responsibility? Energy Policy. No. 62, pp. 254–266.Gattie D.K. U.S. energy, climate and nuclear power policy in the 21st century: The primacy of national security // The Electricity Journal. – 2020. – Vol. 33. – Article no. 106690.Heffron R.J. (2013b). Nuclear new build in the USA 1990–2010: a three state analysis. Technology Forecasting and Social Change. Vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 876–892.Heffron R.J. Nuclear energy policy in the United States 1990–2010: A federal or state responsibility? // Energy Policy. – 2013a. – N 62. – P. 254–266.Kemp D., Doren Van P. (2022). Would a Carbon Tax Rejuvenate Nuclear Energy? Nuclear power emits virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollution, but it has high capital costs and potential risk. Regulation. Available at: https://www.cato.org/regulation/fall-2022/would-carbon-tax-rejuvenate-nuclear-energy, accessed 04.05.2023.Heffron R.J. Nuclear new build in the USA 1990–2010: a three state analysis // Technology Forecasting and Social Change. – 2013b. – Vol. 80, N 5. – P. 876–892.Lipinski P.M. (2023). Considering the Price-Anderson Act’s Federal Public Liability Action Provisions in the Future of Nuclear Fusion Power. 56 pp. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4416650, accessed 04.07.2023.Kemp D., Doren Van P. Would a Carbon Tax Rejuvenate Nuclear Energy? Nuclear power emits virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollution, but it has high capital costs and potential risk // Regulation. – 2022. – URL: https://www.cato.org/regulation/fall2022/would-carbon-tax-rejuvenate-nuclearenergy (дата обращения: 04.05.2023).Lizikova M.S. (2021). Modernization of the legal regulation of atomic energy in the United States. Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. Vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 148–166 (in Russian).Lipinski P.M. Considering the Price-Anderson Act’s Federal Public Liability Action Provisions in the Future of Nuclear Fusion Power. – Forthcoming, SSRN, 2023. – 56 p. – URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4416650 (дата обращения: 04.07.2023).Mascolo R. (2020). Tennessee valley in Southern Italy: How the ENSI project was the first and only World Bank loan for nuclear power. Business History. Issue 8, pp. 1460–1493.Mascolo R. Tennessee valley in Southern Italy: How the ENSI project was the first and only World Bank loan for nuclear power // Business History. – 2020. – Issue 8. – P. 1460–1493.Nian V., Mignacca B., Locatelli G. (2022). Policies toward net-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy. Applied Energy. Vol. 320, Article no. 119275.Nian V., Mignacca B., Locatelli G. Policies toward net-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy // Applied Energy. – 2022. – Vol. 320. – Article no. 119275.Rubio-Varas M., De la Torre J., Connors D.P. (2022)/ The atomic business: structures and strategies. Business History. Vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 1395–1412.Rubio-Varas M., De la Torre J., Connors D.P. The atomic business: structures and strategies // Business history. – 2022. – Vol. 64, N 8. – Р. 1395–1412.Simionescu M. (2023). The renewable and nuclear energy-economic growth nexus in the context of quality of governance. Progress in Nuclear Energy. Vol. 157, article no. 104590.Simionescu M. The renewable and nuclear energy-economic growth nexus in the context of quality of governance // Progress in Nuclear Energy. – 2023. – Vol. 157. – Article no. 104590.Shul’ga I. (2019). State (without) participation. Atomic Expert. No. 7 (in Russian). Available at: https://atomicexpert.com/state_participation, accessed 04.05.2023.The impact of economic complexity, technology advancements, and nuclear energy consumption on the ecological footprint of the USA: Towards circular economy initiatives / Hassan T., Wang P., Khan I., Zhu B. // Gondwana Research. – 2023. – Vol. 113. – P. 237–246.The impact… (2023). Hassan T. et al. The impact of economic complexity, technology advancements, and nuclear energy consumption on the ecological footprint of the USA: Towards circular economy initiatives. Gondwana Research. Vol. 113, pp. 237–246.Tromans S. State support for nuclear new build // The Journal of World Energy Law & Business. – 2019. – Vol. 12, issue 1. – P. 36–51.Tromans S. (2019). State support for nuclear new build. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business. Vol. 12, issue 1, pp. 36–51.Zimmermann F., Keles D. State or market: Investments in new nuclear power plants in France and their domestic and cross-border effects // Energy Policy. – 2023. – Vol. 173. – Article no. 113403.Zimmermann F., Keles D. (2023). State or market: Investments in new nuclear power plants in France and their domestic and cross-border effects. Energy Policy. Vol. 173, article no. 113403.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.