centeroКонтуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, правоOutlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law2542-02402587-9324Center for Crisis Society Studies10.31249/kgt/2024.02.08centero-1470Research ArticleПроблемы Старого СветаProblems of the Old WorldЭтноэкономика Европы: турецкий сегментEthnoeconomy of Europe: Turkish Segmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9196-9348СбитневаА. И.SbitnevaA. I.

Алина Игоревна СБИТНЕВА, научный сотрудник, Отдел Ближнего и  Постсоветского Востока

Alina I. SBITNEVA, Researcher, Department of Middle and Post-Soviet East

Nakhimovsky Avenue, 51/21, Moscow, 117418

a_sbitneva@mail.ruИнститут научной информации по общественным наукам Российской академии наук (ИНИОН РАН)РоссияInstitute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN)Russian Federation202408102024172153167Copyright © Сбитнева А.И., 20242024Сбитнева А.И.Sbitneva A.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1470

Статья посвящена изучению этнического фактора европейской экономики. Со времен миграции турок в Европу в 1960‑х годах в регионе сформировался особый сегмент предпринимательства, существенную долю которого заняли представители турецкой диаспоры. Активному развитию турецкого бизнеса на европейском пространстве способствуют несколько факторов, в том числе социальный. Кроме того, на становление и процветание турецкого этнопредпринимательства в Европе оказывает влияние высокая развитость семейно-клановых отношений, а также наличие разного рода вспомогательных механизмов в виде профсоюзов и бизнес-ассоциаций. В контексте мелкого и среднего предпринимательства ключевое внимание уделяется развитию индустрии турецкого фастфуда, связанной с организацией точек питания, гостиничному бизнесу, сфере услуг широкого профиля, а также туристических и логистических услуг. Крупный сетевой бизнес и ТНК Турецкой Республики в большинстве случаев заняты в таких сферах, как ресторанный бизнес, гостиничный бизнес, в том числе предполагающий строительство отелей, распространение розничных торговых сетей и турецких брендов. Относительно новым быстро развивающимся направлением турецкого этнобизнеса является также исламский банкинг. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что турецкая миграция существенно изменила природу европейского бизнеса. Однако, несмотря на широкую представленность турецких предпринимателей в Европе, не все из них достигают желаемого успеха – нередко сталкиваются с разного рода дискриминационной политикой европейских властей, ограничивающих их деятельность.

The article examines the ethnic factor of the European economy. The migration of the Turks to Europe in the 1960s, formed a special segment of entrepreneurship in the region. A significant part of it was occupied by the representatives of the Turkish diaspora. Several factors including the social one contribute to the active development of the Turkish ethno-business in the European space. In addition, the formation and prosperity of the Turkish ethnic entrepreneurship in Europe is influenced by the high development of family and clan relations as well as the presence of various kinds of auxiliary mechanisms in the form of trade unions and business associations. In the context of small and medium-sized businesses, the key attention is paid to the development of the Turkish fast food industry related to the organization of food outlets, the hotel business, the provision of general services as well as tourism and logistics services. Large network business and transnational corporations of Turkey in most cases are engaged in such areas as: restaurant business; hotel business, including the construction of hotels; distribution of retail chains and Turkish brands. Islamic banking has also become a relatively new rapidly developing area of the Turkish ethnobusiness. The author concludes that the Turkish migration has significantly changed the nature of the European business. However, despite the wide representation of Turkish entrepreneurs in Europe, not all of them achieve the desired success and often face various kinds of discriminatory policies of the European authorities that restrict their activities.

ТурцияЕвропамиграцияпредпринимательствоэтнобизнесТНКTurkeyEuropemigrationentrepreneurshipethnobusinesstransnational corporationsСтатья подготовлена в рамках гранта РНФ № 19-18-00251 «Социально-экономическое развитие крупных городов Европы: влияние иностранных капиталовложений и трудовых миграций» в МГИМО МИД РоссииThe article was prepared under the Russian Science Foundation grant: project 19-18-00251, “Socio-economic development of large European cities: the influence of foreign investment and labor migration” in MGIMO-UniversityReferencesИванова М.В. Этническая экономика: подходы к определению // Труды Кольского научного центра РАН. – 2018. – № 7-14. – C. 7–13.Arab Women… (2017). Roig M. et al. Arab Women Entrepreneurs in Spain: Like Cedars Beside the Stream. IESE Business School Working Paper. No. 1136-E, 29 pp.Игошева М.А. Экономический ресурс этнической идентичности в условиях современных миграционных процессов // Философская мысль. – 2020. – № 7. – С. 72–84.Baycan T. (2013). Turkish Entrepreneurship in Europe. European Review. No. 3, pp. 382–393.Arab Women Entrepreneurs in Spain: Like Cedars Beside the Stream / Roig M., Susaeta L., Suarez E., Pin J.R. // IESE Business School Working Paper. – 2017. – N 1136-E. – 29 p.Elveren A.Y., Kar M. (2005). Turkey’s Economic Integration into the EU: Challenges and Opportunities. Department of Economics Working Paper Series. No. 2005-10, pp. 1–27. Available at: https://economics.utah.edu/research/publications/2005_10.pdf, accessed 19.09.2023.Baycan T. Turkish Entrepreneurship in Europe // European Review. – 2013. – N 3. – P. 382–393.Güler H. (2019). Turkish immigrants from labor to “entrepreneurship”: the case of Paris. Güler H. İşçilikten “girişimciliğe” Türkiyeli göçmenler: Paris örneği. Sosyoloji Dergisi. No. 39, pp. 81–102 (in Turkish).Elveren A.Y., Kar M. Turkey’s Economic Integration into the EU: Challenges and Opportunities // Department of Economics Working Paper Series. – 2005. – N 2005-10. – P. 1–27. – URL: https://economics.utah.edu/research/publications/2005_10.pdf (дата обращения: 19.09.2023).Güler H. (2021). Halal Food Discussion in France: The Case of “Kebab”. Güler H. Fransa’da Helal Gıda Tartışmaları: “Kebab” Örneği. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. No. 54. pp. 41–60 (in Turkish).Guveli A., Spierings N. Migrant Women’s employment: international Turkish migrants in Europe, their descendants, and their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey // European Sociological Review. – 2022. – N 38. – P. 725–738.Guveli A., Spierings N. (2022). Migrant Women’s employment: international Turkish migrants in Europe, their descendants, and their non-migrant counterparts in Turkey. European Sociological Review. No. 38, pp. 725–738.Immigrant Entrepreneurship: the Case of Turkish Entrepreneurs in the United States / Karadal H., Shneikat B.H.T., Abubakar A.M., Bhatti O.K. // Journal of the Knowledge Economy. – 2021. – N 12. – P. 1574–1593. – DOI: 10.1007/s13132-020-00684-8.Igosheva M.A. (2020). Economic resource of ethnic identity in the context of modern migration processes. Philosophical Thought. No. 7, pp. 72–84 (in Russian).Kacar S.O., Essers C. The interplay between identity construction and opportunity structures: Narratives of Turkish migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands // International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. – 2019. – N 7. – P. 713–731.Immigrant Entrepreneurship… (2021). Karadal H. et al. Immigrant Entrepreneurship: the Case of Turkish Entrepreneurs in the United States. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. No. 12, pp. 1574–1593. DOI: 10.1007/s13132-020-00684-8.Kaya A., Kentel F. Euro-Turks: A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union? A Comparative Study of French-Turks and German-Turks. – Brussels : Center for European Policy Studies, 2005. – 113 p.Ivanova M.V. (2018). Ethnic economy: approaches to definition. Papers of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. No. 7-14, pp. 7–13 (in Russian).Küçükçan T. Bringing the European Union and Turkey: The Turkish Diaspora in Europe // Insight Turkey. – 2007. – N 4. – P. 85–99.Kacar S.O., Essers C. (2019). The interplay between identity construction and opportunity structures: Narratives of Turkish migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. No. 7, pp. 713–731.Niu S., Fan B. An Overview of the Middle East Immigrants in the EU: Origin, Status Quo and Challenges // İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. – 2016. – N 2. – P. 51–72.Kaya A., Kentel F. (2005). Euro-Turks: A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union? A Comparative Study of French-Turks and German-Turks. Brussels: Center for European Policy Studies, 113 pp.Ozar S. Micro and small enterprises in Turkey: uneasy development // Research Report Series. – 2003. – N 0420. – 98 p. – URL: https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2016/04/PRR0420.pdf (дата обращения: 19.09.2023).Küçükçan T. (2007). Bringing the European Union and Turkey: The Turkish Diaspora in Europe. Insight Turkey. No. 4, pp. 85–99.Sadoveanu D. Islamic Banking in European Union Countries: Challenges And Opportunities // CES Working Papers. – 2011. – N 3. – P. 592–598.Niu S., Fan B. (2016). An Overview of the Middle East Immigrants in the EU: Origin, Status Quo and Challenges. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. No. 2, pp. 51–72.Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities / Ed. by S.P. Elitok, T. Straubhaar. – Hamburg : Hamburg University Press, 2012. – 281 p.Ozar S. (2003). Micro and small enterprises in Turkey: uneasy development. Research Report Series. No. 0420, 98 pp. Available at: https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2016/04/PRR0420.pdf, accessed 19.09.2023.Гюлер Х. Споры о халяльной пище по Франции: пример «кебаба». Güler H. Fransa’da Helal Gıda Tartışmaları: “Kebab” Örneği // Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. – 2021. – N 54. – P. 41–60. – Турец. яз.Sadoveanu D. (2011). Islamic Banking in European Union Countries: Challenges And Opportunities. CES Working Papers. No. 3, pp. 592–598.Гюлер Х. Турецкие иммигранты от наемного труда к «предпринимательству»: пример Парижа. Güler H. İşçilikten “girişimciliğe” Türkiyeli göçmenler: Paris örneği // Sosyoloji Dergisi. – 2019. – N 39. – P. 81–102. – Турец. яз.Turkey, Migration and the EU… (2012). Elitok S.P., Straubhaar T. (eds.). Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities. Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 281 pp.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.