<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/kgt/2024.01.06</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-1429</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Право и политика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Politics and Law</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Параметры санкционного законодательства Канады и тенденции судебной практики по делам об обжаловании санкций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of Canada’s Sanctions Legislation and Trends in Sanctions Appeal Jurisprudence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1457-9970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопушинская</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopushinskaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Антоновна Лопушинская, выпускник магистратуры Международно-правового факультета,</p><p>проспект Вернадского, д. 76, г. Москва, 119454.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya A. Lopushinskaya, Master’s Student of the International Law School,</p><p>Vernadsky Avenue, 76, Moscow, 119454.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lopushinskaya_a_a@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-7678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудинов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudinov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Сергеевич Кудинов, кандидат юридических наук, научный сотрудник Центра экспертизы санкционной политики,</p><p>проспект Вернадского, д. 76, г. Москва, 119454.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey S. Kudinov, PhD (Law), Research Fellow at Center of Sanction Policy Expertise</p><p>Vernadsky Avenue, 76, Moscow, 119454.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kudinov-as@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-9825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арапова</surname><given-names>Е. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arapova</surname><given-names>E. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина Яковлевна Арапова, кандидат экономических наук, директор Центра экспертизы санкционной политики, ведущий научный сотрудник,</p><p>проспект Вернадского, д. 76, г. Москва, 119454.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Ya. Arapova, PhD (Econ.), Director of Center of Sanction Policy Expertise, Leading Research Fellow</p><p>Vernadsky Avenue, 76, Moscow, 119454.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arapova_katrin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт (университет) международных отношений МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO-University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лопушинская А.А., Кудинов А.С., Арапова Е.Я., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лопушинская А.А., Кудинов А.С., Арапова Е.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lopushinskaya A.A., Kudinov A.S., Arapova E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1429">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1429</self-uri><abstract><p>Авторы исследовали законодательство Канады о санкциях, а также судебную практику по их применению. В результате дана количественная оценка действующих санкционных режимов, проведено классификационное разграничение между тематическими и региональными санкциями. Установлено, что среди юридически оформленных в Канаде санкционных режимов 5 представляют собой тематические санкции, 25 – региональные. Определено, что нормативную базу образуют 4 закона и 27 подзаконных актов. Помимо непосредственно санкционных ограничений (запрет на въезд, заморозка активов), канадская система санкций предусматривает сопутствующие меры – уголовное преследование за нарушение санкционных режимов и ограничения согласно миграционному законодательству. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что право на судебное обжалование санкций в канадском праве презюмируется, в то время как административное обжалование определяется конкретными нормативными актами. Канада фактически использует эту разницу для активации дополнительных санкционных механизмов. Канадские суды в делах об обжаловании санкций фокусируются больше на правомерности самих актов и уходят от вопроса фактического нарушения прав и законных интересов затронутых санкциями лиц, а также соразмерности принимаемых мер и причин, послуживших для включения лиц в списки. Принятые в апреле 2022 г. поправки в законодательство Канады фактически узаконили конфискацию имущества в рамках санкционных ограничений, что стало первым в мире отступлением от классической формулы блокировки активов при сохранении за подсанкционным лицом права собственности. Авторы приходят к выводу о юридически слабой проработанности нововведения и высокой вероятности того, что оно станет предметом судебного обжалования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The authors have considered Canada’s sanctions legislation, as well as the jurisprudence of its application. As a result, they have quantified the existing sanctions regimes and made a classification distinction between thematic and regional sanctions. It was found that among the sanctions regime legally formalized in Canada, 5 are thematic sanctions and 25 are regional ones. It is determined that the regulatory framework is formed by 4 laws and 27 by-laws. In addition to direct sanctions restrictions (entry ban, asset freezing), the Canadian system of sanctions provides for related measures such as criminal prosecution for violations of the sanctions regimes and restrictions under the migration law. The authors conclude that the right to judicial review of sanctions in Canadian law is presumed, while administrative appeal is determined by specific regulations. Canadian courts in sanctions appeals focus more on the legality of the acts themselves and move away from the question of the actual violation of the rights and legitimate interests of the sanctioned persons, as well as the proportionality of the measures taken and the reasons for the listing. The amendments to the Canadian legislation adopted in April 2022 effectively legalized the confiscation of property under the sanctions restrictions, which was the world’s first departure from the classic formula of blocking assets while retaining the property rights of the sanctioned person. The authors conclude that the innovation is legally weak and that it is highly likely to be subject to judicial appeal.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Канада</kwd><kwd>санкционная политика</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>односторонние ограничительные меры</kwd><kwd>судебная практика</kwd><kwd>законодательство</kwd><kwd>решения международных судов</kwd><kwd>заморозка активов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Canada</kwd><kwd>sanction policy</kwd><kwd>unilateral restrictive measures</kwd><kwd>case law</kwd><kwd>legislation</kwd><kwd>decisions of international courts</kwd><kwd>freezing of assets</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арапова Е.Я., Кудинов А.С. Особенности санкционного регулирования в США, ЕС и Великобритании: сравнительный анализ // Полис. Политические исследования. – 2022. – № 6. – С. 151– 165. – DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2022.06.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreas P. (2005). Criminalizing consequences of sanctions: Embargo busting and its legacy. International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 335–360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исполинов А.С. Суд Европейского союза, Яссин Кади и статья 103 устава ООН // Российский юридический журнал. – 2013. – № 6 (93). – С. 27–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arapova E.Ya., Kudinov  A.S. (2022). Features of sanctions regulation in the US, EU and UK: comparative analysis.Polis: Political Studies. No. 6, pp. 151–165 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2022.06.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кёхлер Х. Санкции и международное право // Вестник международных организаций. – 2019. – Т. 14, № 3. – С. 27–47. – DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2019-03-02.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanchard J.-M.F., Ripsman N.M. (1999). Asking the right question: When do economic sanctions work best? Security Studies. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 219–253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Криминализация и декриминализация как формы преобразования уголовного законодательства / под ред. В.П. Кашепова. – Москва : ООО «Юридическая фирма КОНТРАКТ», 2018. – 280 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buys C.G. (1999). United States Economic Sanctions: The Fairness Of Targeting Persons From Third Countries. Boston University International Law Journal. Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 54–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Марченко М.Н. Судебное правотворчество и судейское право : учебное пособие. – Москва : Проспект, 2017. – 447 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charron A. (2019). Expert Roundtable on Canadian Economic Sanctions: Summary of Findings and Recommendations. University of Manitoba, 16  pp. Available at: https://umanitoba.ca/arts/sites/arts/files/2022-07/Canadian-Economic-Sanctions-Nov-2019.pdf, accessed 08.09.2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Силаева В.А. Эффективность санкций в международной политике // Вестник МГИМО. – 2021. – Т. 14, № 4. – С. 136–153. – DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2021-4-79-136-153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ispolinov A.S. (2013). Court of Justice of the European Union, Yassin Kadi and Article 103 of the UN Charter. Russian Juridical Journal. No. 6 (93), pp. 27–35 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Почему вторичные санкции эффективны? Опыт принудительных мер властей США против американского и зарубежного бизнеса // Международные процессы. – 2019. – Т. 17, № 3 (58). – С. 21–35. – DOI: 10.17994/IT.2019.17.3.58.2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kriminalizatsiya i dekriminalizatsiya… (2018). Kashepov  V.P. (ed.). Criminalization and decriminalization as forms of transformation of criminal legislation. Moscow: Yuridicheskaya firma KONTRAKT, 280 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Сомнительная эффективность? Санкции против России до и после февраля // Россия в глобальной политике. – 2022. – Т. 20, № 4. – С. 136–152. – DOI: 10.31278/1810-6439-2022-20-4-136-152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochler H. (2019). Sanctions and international law. International Organisations Research Journal. Vol.  14, no.  3, pp. 27–47 (in  Russian). DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2019-03-02.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreas P. Criminalizing consequences of sanctions: Embargo busting and its legacy // International Studies Quarterly. – 2005. – Vol. 49, N 2. – P. 335–360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchenko M.N. (2017). Judicial Law-making and Judicial Law: A Textbook. Moscow: Prospekt, 447 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanchard J.-M.F., Ripsman N.M. Asking the right question: When do economic sanctions work best? // Security Studies. – 1999. – Vol. 9, N 1. – P. 219–253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesbitt М. (2017). Canada’s “Unilateral” Sanctions Regime Under Review: Extraterritoriality, Human Rights, Due Process, and Enforcement in Canada’s Special Economic Measures Act. Ottawa Law Review. Vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 509–576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buys C.G. United States Economic Sanctions: The Fairness Of Targeting Persons From Third Countries // Boston University International Law Journal. – 1999. – Vol. 17, N 2. – P. 54–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niederberger А., Biersteker Т. (2022). UN Individual Sanctions Listing and Delisting Patterns and Their Interaction with Autonomous Measures: Considerations for Mediators. New York: United Nations University, 67 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charron A. Expert Roundtable on Canadian Economic Sanctions: Summary of Findings and Recommendations. – University of Manitoba, 2019. – 16 p. – URL: https://umanitoba.ca/arts/sites/arts/files/2022-07/Canadian-Economic-Sanctions-Nov-2019.pdf (дата обращения: 08.09.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosen A. (1993). Canada’s Use of Economic Sanctions for Political and Human Rights Purposes. University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review. Vol.  51, Winter, pp. 2–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nesbitt М. Canada’s “Unilateral” Sanctions Regime Under Review: Extraterritoriality, Human Rights, Due Process, and Enforcement in Canada’s Special Economic Measures Act // Ottawa Law Review. – 2017. – Vol. 48, N 2. – P. 509–576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silaeva V.A. 2021. The effectiveness of sanctions in international politics. Vestnik MGIMO. Vol.  14, no.  4, pp.  136–153 (in  Russian). DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2021-4-79-136-153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niederberger А., Biersteker Т. UN Individual Sanctions Listing and Delisting Patterns and Their Interaction with Autonomous Measures: Considerations for Mediators. – New York : United Nations University, 2022. – 67 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. (2019). Why are secondary sanctions effective? Experience of coercive measures by US authorities against American and foreign businesses. International Trends. Vol.  17, no.  3  (58), pp.  21–35 (in  Russian). DOI: 10.17994/IT.2019.17.3.58.2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen A. Canada’s Use of Economic Sanctions for Political and Human Rights Purposes // University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review. – 1993. – Vol. 51, Winter. – P. 2–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. (2022). Questionable effectiveness? Sanctions against Russia before and after February. Rossiya v global`noj politike. Vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 136– 152 (in  Russian). DOI: 10.31278/1810-6439-2022-20-4-136-152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
