<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/kgt/2023.01.04</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-1377</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Особенности современного экономического развития</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Specifics of Modern Economic Development</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль зеленой электроэнергетики в экологизации европейской черной металлургии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of Green Electricity in European Steel Industry Decarbonization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-6258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зимаков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zimakov</surname><given-names>А. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Владимирович Зимаков - кандидат экономических наук, научный сотрудник Центра европейских исследований</p><p>Профсоюзная ул., д. 23, г. Москва, 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei V. Zimakov- PhD (Econ.), Research Fellow, Center for European Studies</p><p>Profsoyuznaya Street, 23, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zimakov@newmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики&#13;
и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН (ИМЭМО РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO RAN)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зимаков А.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zimakov А.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1377">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1377</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируются перспективы декарбонизации европейской сталелитейной промышленности в условиях стремления Евросоюза к  достижению климатической нейтральности с точки зрения той роли, которую в  данном процессе играет электроэнергетика ЕС. Экологизация экономики ЕС начиналась с декарбонизации электроэнергетики, но  постепенно фокус климатической политики Евросоюза стал расширяться, вовлекая в  процесс более сложные для  экологизации отрасли промышленности, и в  первую очередь черную металлургию, учитывая высокий уровень выбросов доменно-конвертерного производства, связанного со  сгоранием металлургических углей. Как показано в статье, в  решении данного вопроса опыт декарбонизации электроэнергетики по  замещению угля биомассой и  дооснащению системами улавливания СО2 лишь ограниченно применим и не дает требуемого снижения выбросов. Наиболее высокие результаты по  снижению выбросов дают только новые бескоксовые технологии (восстановительная плавка и  прямое восстановление железа), модифицированные с  целью максимального снижения выбросов СО2 . Анализируя процесс становления бескоксовых технологий в  странах Евросоюза, автор показывает, что их  ключевой уязвимостью является зависимость от наличия стабильного зеленого энергоснабжения. Тем  самым перспективы развития производства «зеленой» стали находятся в  прямой зависимости от  наличия достаточного количества зеленой электроэнергии, а следовательно, от  прогресса в  трансформации европейской энергетики. Немаловажную роль в данном процессе будет также играть выбранная модель энергосистемы, что будет предопределять привлекательность размещения металлургических производств, а в конечном итоге – конкурентоспособность «зеленой» стали на внутреннем европейском и глобальном рынках.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyses the prospects of European steel industry decarbonization as part of the general accord to achieve climate neutrality and the role of decarbonized electricity in this process. The decarbonization of the EU economy started with energy sector but the focus of the EU climate policy gradually shifted to other carbon-intensive hard-to-abate industries, with steel industry as a major polluter due to Blast Furnace – Oxygen Converter cycle coal burning. The article shows that the positive experience of power sector decarbonization through coal substitution by biomass and carbon-capture retrofits are only partially applicable and do not deliver desired results. A much better solution is new low-carbon technologies of smelting reduction and direct reduction of iron, modified to achieve significant drop in CO2 emissions. Analyzing the development and implementation of low-carbon iron production technologies in EU countries the author shows that their natural limit rests with its dependence on secure green power supply. That means that the development of European green steel production is linked to availability of sufficient amounts of decarbonized electricity, and therefore, is dependent on the progress in EU energy sector decarbonization and its outcome. The chosen model of the energy system is also of high importance, because it will determine the ability of the countries to attract new production sites, and ultimately whether European green steel will be competitive on local and global markets.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ЕС</kwd><kwd>черная металлургия</kwd><kwd>декарбонизация</kwd><kwd>энергетика</kwd><kwd>металлизация</kwd><kwd>прямое восстановление железа</kwd><kwd>биомасса</kwd><kwd>уголь</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>EU</kwd><kwd>steel industry</kwd><kwd>decarbonization</kwd><kwd>energy</kwd><kwd>direct reduction of iron</kwd><kwd>biomass</kwd><kwd>coal</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буторина И.В., Буторина М.В. Проблемы внедрения наилучших доступных технологий в черной металлургии // Черные металлы. – 2019. – № 1. – С. 43–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An industrial policy… (2021). Nilsson L.J. et al. An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions. Climate Policy. Vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1053–1065. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2021.1957665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А.В. Биоэнергетика в ЕС: проблемы и перспективы // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2020. – Т. 64, № 8. – С. 81–90. – DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-8-81-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Axelson M., Oberthür S., Nilsson L.J. (2021). Emission reduction strategies in the EU steel industry: Implications for business model innovation. Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 390– 402. DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Керкхофф Х.Ю. Черная металлургия: растущая неопределенность // Черные металлы. – 2018. – № 5. – С. 61–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhaskar A., Assadi M., Somehsaraei H. (2020). Decarbonization of the Iron and Steel Industry with Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Green Hydrogen Energies. Vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1–23. DOI:10.3390/en13030758.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Люнген Х.Б., Шпрехер М. Гибкие решения в сталелитейной отрасли для сокращения выбросов CO2 и повышения эффективности производства // Черные металлы. – 2017. –№ 11. – С. 64–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butorina I.V., Butorina M.V. (2019). Problems of best available technologies implementation in steel industry. Chiornye metally. No. 1, pp. 43–48 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хардтке К. Европейская черная металлургия в тяжелом положении // Черные металлы. – 2016. – № 11. – С. 72–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decarbonising… (2016). Lechtenböhmer S. Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification – Implications for future EU electricity demand. Energy. Vol. 115, November, pp. 1623–1631. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An industrial policy framework for transforming energy and emissions intensive industries towards zero emissions / Nilsson L.J., Bauer F., Åhman M., Andersson F.N.G., Bataille Ch., de la Rue du Can S., Ericsson K., Hansen T., Johansson B., Lechtenböhmer S., van Sluisvelda M., Vogl V. // Climate Policy. – 2021. – Vol. 21, N 8. – P. 1053–1065. – DOI: – 10.1080/14693062.2021.1957665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Energy in Sweden 2021, an Overview (2021). Eskilstuna: Swedish Energy Agency, 18 pp. Available at: https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/news/2021/anoverview-of-energy-in-sweden-2021-now-available/, accessed 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Axelson M., Oberthür S., Nilsson L.J. Emission reduction strategies in the EU steel industry: Implications for business model innovation // Journal of Industrial Ecology. – 2021. – Vol. 25, issue 2. – P. 390–402. – DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EUROFER (2019). Low carbon roadmap: Pathways to a CO2 -neutral European steel industry. Brussel: EUROFER AISB, 18 pp. Available at: https://www.eurofer.eu/assets/Uploads/EUROFER-Low-Carbon-Roadmap-Pathways-to-a-CO2-neutral-European-Steel-Industry.pdf, accessed 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhaskar A., Assadi M., Somehsaraei H. Decarbonization of the Iron and Steel Industry with Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Green Hydrogen // Energies. – 2020. – Vol. 13, N 3. – P. 1–23. – DOI: 10.3390/en13030758.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Handlungskonzept Stahl (2020). Berlin: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, 24 pp. Available at: https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Wirtschaft/handlungskonzept-stahl.html, accessed 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decarbonising the energy intensive basic materials industry through electrification – Implications for future EU electricity demand / Lechtenböhmer S., Nilsson L.J., Åhman M., Schneider C. // Energy. – 2016. – Vol. 115, November. – P. 1623–1631. – DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardtke К. (2016). European steel industry in hard situation Chiornye metally. No. 11, pp. 72–76 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Energy in Sweden 2021, an Overview. – Eskilstuna : Swedish Energy Agency, 2021. – 18 p. – URL: https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/news/2021/an-overviewof-energy-in-sweden-2021-now-available/ (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IEA (2018). Coal 2018. Paris: IEA, 153 pp. Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/85b9fc1b-74a6-477e-8052-81bb0d821f4a/Coal_2018.pdf, accessed 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EUROFER Low carbon roadmap: Pathways to a CO2 -neutral European steel industry. – Brussel : EUROFER AISB, 2019. – 18 p. – URL: https://www.eurofer.eu/assets/Uploads/EUROFER-Low-Carbon-Roadmap-Pathways-to-a-CO2-neutral-European-Steel-Industry.pdf (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerkhoff H.Y. (2018). Steel industry: growing instability. Chiornye metally. No. 5, pp. 61–65 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Handlungskonzept Stahl. – Berlin : Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, 2020. – 24 S. – URL: https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Wirtschaft/handlungskonzept-stahl.html (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lungen H.B., Spracher М. (2017). Flexible solutions in steel industry to reduce CO2 emissions and improve productivity. Chiornye metally. No. 11, pp. 64–71 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IEA Coal 2018. – Paris : IEA, 2018. – 153 p. – URL: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/as sets/85b9fc1b-74a6-477e-8052-81bb0d821f4a/Coal_2018.pdf (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Material Economics (2019) Industrial Transformation 2050 – Pathways to Net-Zero Emissions from EU Heavy Industry. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, 208 p. Available at: https://materialeconomics.com/material-economics-industrial-transformation-2050.pdf, accessed 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Material Economics Industrial Transformation 2050 – Pathways to Net-Zero Emissions from EU Heavy Industry. – Cambridge : University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, 2019. – 208 p. – URL: https://materialeconomics.com/material-economics-industrial-transformation-2050.pdf (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pardo N., Moya J.A., Vatopoulos K. (2012). Prospective Scenarios on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in the EU Iron &amp; Steel Industry. Luxemburg: Joint Research Council, 50 pp. DOI: 10.2790/64264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardo N., Moya J.A., Vatopoulos K. Prospective Scenarios on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in the EU Iron &amp; Steel Industry. – Luxemburg : Joint Research Council, 2012. – 50 p. – DOI: 10.2790/64264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Possibilities… (2018). Mandova H. et al. Possibilities for CO2 emission reduction using biomass in European integrated steel plants. Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 115, August, pp. 231–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Possibilities for CO2 emission reduction using biomass in European integrated steel plants / Mandova H., Leduc S., Wang C., Wetterlund E., Patrizio P., Gale W., Kraxner F. // Biomass and Bioenergy. – 2018. – Vol. 115, August. – P. 231–243. – DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SSAB plans a new Nordic production system and to bring forward the green transition (2022). Regulatory press release. January 28. Available at: https://www.ssab.com/en/news/2022/01/ssab-plans-a-newnordic-production-system-and-to-bringforward-the-green-transition, accessed: 29.12.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SSAB plans a new Nordic production system and to bring forward the green transition. Regulatory press release. January 28, 2022. URL: https://www.ssab.com/en/news/2022/01/ssab-plans-anew-nordic-production-system-and-tobring-forward-the-green-transition (дата обращения: 29.12.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Technologies and policies… (2020). Rissman J. et al. Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070. Applied Energy, Vol. 266, May, pp. 114848. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070 / Rissman J. [et al.] // Applied Energy. – 2020. – Vol. 266, May. – Article number: 114848. – DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogl V., Åhman M., Nilsson L.J. (2021). The making of green steel in the EU: a policy evaluation for the early commercialization phase. Climate Policy. Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 78–92. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1803040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogl V., Åhman M., Nilsson L.J. The making of green steel in the EU: a policy evaluation for the early commercialization phase // Climate Policy. – 2021. – Vol. 21, N 1. – P. 78–92. – DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1803040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov A. (2020). Bioenergy in EU: problems and prospects. Mirovaya Ekonomika I Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya. Vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 81–90. (in Russian). DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-8-81-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimakov A. The EU ETS top ten polluters list as a policy tool of climate action organisations // European Journal of Sustainable Development. – 2021. – Vol. 10, N 2. – P. 201–218. – DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov A. (2021). The EU ETS top ten polluters list as a policy tool of climate action organizations. European Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 201–218. DOI: 10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhiyuan F., Friedmann S. Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy // Joule. – 2021. – N 5. – P. 829–862. – DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhiyuan F., Friedmann S. (2021). Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy. Joule. Vol. 5, pp. 829– 862. DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
