<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">centero</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2542-0240</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9324</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Center for Crisis Society Studies</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31249/kgt/2022.05.11</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">centero-1163</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Страницы прошлого</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>The Pages of the Past</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Становление советской дипломатической культуры (1917–1939 гг.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Formation of the Soviet Diplomatic Culture (1917–1939)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5206-8013</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершинин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vershinin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Александрович ВЕРШИНИН, кандидат исторических наук, доцент исторического факультетаЛомоносовский проспект, д. 27, корп. 4, г. Москва,  119192</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. VERSHININ, PhD (History), Associate Professor, Faculty of History </p><p>Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 27–4, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">averchinine@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State&#13;
University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вершинин А.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вершинин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vershinin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1163">https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/view/1163</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье с  опорой на теорию поля П.  Бурдье рассматривается сложная эволюция советской дипломатической культуры в  межвоенный период. Идея демонтажа самогó дипломатического поля доминировала в умах большевиков сравнительно недолго и быстро сменилась заявкой на глубокое переформатирование дипломатического поля за счет внедрения в него новых практик и представлений о легитимности социального и символического капитала. Разочарование большевиков в перспективах мировой революции запустило процесс постепенного встраивания советской внешнеполитической службы в  дипломатическое поле и адаптации к  его структурам. Усвоение соответствующего габитуса вело к  формированию в  среде дипломатического корпуса особого этоса, сближавшего его с  западной поведенческой моделью. На  переговорном уровне эта тенденция отражалась в  формировании у дипломатов стремления к установлению долговременных отношений с  капиталистическими государствами, даже ценой политических уступок. Соответствующие признаки наглядно проявились в ходе Генуэзской конференции, а  в  полной степени дали о  себе знать после прихода к  руководству НКИД М.М.  Литвинова, при котором советский дипломатический корпус обрел наглядные черты особой социопрофессиональной группы. Наиболее глубокая интеграция советского внешнеполитического ведомства в  дипломатическое поле произошла в  первой половине – середине 1930-х годов в ходе реализации им политики коллективной безопасности. Однако уже после 1936 г. стремление Сталина взять под полный контроль внешнюю политику на фоне общей неудачи курса Литвинова на международной арене запустило процесс перестройки НКИД, который завершился формированием основ новой дипломатической культуры.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article, based on the theory of field of P. Bourdieu, examines the complex evolution of the Soviet diplomatic culture in the interwar period. The idea of dismantling the diplomatic field as such dominated the minds of the Bolsheviks for a relatively short time and was quickly replaced by aspiration for a deep reformatting of the diplomatic field by introducing new practices and ideas about the legitimacy of social and symbolic capital into it. The Bolsheviks’ disillusionment with the prospects of the world revolution started the process of gradually embedding the Soviet foreign policy service in the diplomatic field and adapting to its structures. The assimilation of the appropriate habitus led to the formation of a special ethos among the diplomatic corps, which brought it closer to the Western behavioral model. At the negotiating level, this trend was reflected in the formation of diplomats’ desire to establish long-term relations with capitalist states, even at the cost of political concessions. The corresponding signs were clearly manifested during the Genoa Conference, and fully made themselves felt after M.M.  Litvinov came to the leadership of the NKID (People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR), under whom the Soviet diplomatic corps acquired the visual features of a special socio-professional group. The most profound integration of the Soviet foreign ministry into the diplomatic field took place in the first half – mid-1930s during the implementation of its collective security policy. However, after 1936, Stalin’s desire to take full control of foreign policy against the background of the general failure of Litvinov’s course in the international arena launched the process of restructuring the NKID, which ended with the formation of the foundations of a new diplomatic culture.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дипломатическая культура</kwd><kwd>дипломатическое поле</kwd><kwd>габитус</kwd><kwd>символический капитал</kwd><kwd>советская дипломатия</kwd><kwd>Чичерин</kwd><kwd>Литвинов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diplomatic culture</kwd><kwd>diplomatic field</kwd><kwd>habitus</kwd><kwd>symbolic capital</kwd><kwd>Soviet diplomacy</kwd><kwd>Chicherin</kwd><kwd>Litvinov</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Национального научного фонда Болгарии в рамках научного проекта № 20-59-18007 «От региональных конфликтов к эпохе глобальных трансформаций: взгляд российских и болгарских историков на международные отношения в конце XIX – начале XXI в.».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аралов С.И. Воспоминания советского дипломата (1922–1923). – Москва : Издательство Института международных отношений, 1960. – 222 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adler-Nissen R. (2014). Symbolic Power in European Diplomacy: The Struggle Between National Foreign Services and the EU’s External Action Service. Review of International Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 657– 681. DOI: 10.1017/S0260210513000326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдье П. Социология социального пространства. – Санкт-Петербург : Алетейя, 2007. – 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aralov S.I. (1960). Memoirs of a Soviet diplomat (1922–1923). Moscow  : Izdatel’stvo Instituta mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy, 222 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">В.И. Ленин и ВЧК. Сборник документов (1917–1922 гг.). – Москва : Политиздат, 1975. – 679 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourdieu P. (2007). Sociology of social space. Saint-Petersburg  : Aleteya, 288  pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ватлин А.Ю. Коминтерн: идеи, решения, судьбы. – Москва : РОССПЭН, 2009. – 374 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bull H. (2002). The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. New York : Columbia University Press, 329 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вершинин А.А. У истоков советско-французского военного сотрудничества: миссия Б.М. Симонова во Франции (1932–1933 гг.) // Российская история. – 2020. – № 3. – С. 52–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carley M.J. (2006). A Soviet Eye on France from the rue de Grenelle in Paris, 1924–1940. Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 295–346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Десять лет советской дипломатии (акты и документы). – Москва : Литиздат Наркоминдела, 1927. – 126 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuev F.I. (1991). One hundred and forty conversations with Molotov: From the diary of F. Chuev. Moscow : Terra, 623 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Документы внешней политики. Т. 1. – Москва : Госполитиздат, 1957. – 772 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Churchill W.S. (1986). The Second World War. Vol.  1, The Gathering Storm. New York : Harper Paperbacks, 724 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дюллен С. Сталин и его дипломаты: Советский Союз и Европа, 1930– 1939 гг. – Москва : РОССПЭН, 2009. – 319 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debo R. (1994). G.V. Chicherin: A Historical Perspective. In: Gorodetsky G. (ed.). Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective. London : Routledge, pp. 21–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю.В. Первые советские дипломаты. НКИД РСФСР/СССР. 1917– 1941. – Москва : Перо, 2022. – 464 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desyat’ let… (1927). Ten years of Soviet diplomacy (acts and documents). Moscow : Litizdat Narkomindela, 124  pp. (in  Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коллонтай А.М. Дипломатические дневники. Т. 1. – Москва : Academia, 2001. – 527 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deutscher I. (2006). Trotsky. An armed prophet. 1879–1921. Moscow : Tsentrpoligraf, 527 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кононова М.М. Деятельность дипломатов царского и Временного правительств в 1917–1938 годах // Вопросы истории. – 2002. – № 3. – С. 105–118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dokumenti… (1957). Foreign Policy Documents, vol. 1. Moscow : Gospolitizdat, 772 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленин В.И. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 21. – Москва : Политиздат, 1968. – 671 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dullin S. (2009). Stalin and His Diplomats: The Soviet Union and Europe, 1930–1939. Moscow : ROSSPEN, 319 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленин В.И. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 37. – Москва : Политиздат, 1969. – 748 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehrenburg I.G. (2000). Collected works, vol. 7. Moscow : Khudozhestvennaya literature, 861 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленин В.И. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 44. – Москва : Политиздат, 1970. – 725 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erlikhman V.V. (2022). Leonid Krasin. Red lord. Moscow : Veche, 416 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Майский И.М. Воспоминания советского посла. Кн. 1. – Москва : Наука, 1964. – 462 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haslam J. (1994). Litvinov, Stalin and the Road Not Taken. In: Gorodetsky  G. (ed.). Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A  Retrospective. London  : Routledge, pp. 55–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никонов В.А. Молотов: Наше дело правое. Кн. 2. – Москва : Молодая гвардия, 2016. – 524 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov Yu.V. (2022). The First Soviet Diplomats. NKID RSFSR/USSR. 1917–1941. Moscow : Pero, 464 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О’Коннор Т. Георгий Чичерин и советская внешняя политика, 1918–1930. – Москва : Прогресс, 1991. – 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson P. (2008). Pierre Bourdieu, the “cultural turn” and the practice of international history. Review of International Studies, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 155–181. DOI: 10.1017/S026021050800795X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осокина Е.А. За фасадом «сталинского изобилия». Распределение и рынок в снабжении населения в годы индустриализации. 1927–1941. – Москва : РОССПЭН, 1999. – 271 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khormach I.A. (2020). The Soviet state at the international conference in Genoa on economic and financial issues. April  10 – May 19, 1922. Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya, no. 3, pp. 80–106 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остапенко А.И. Организационное строительство НКИД РСФСР в петроградский период и переезд советского правительства в Москву в марте 1918 г. // Переезд советского правительства в Москву. К 100-летию возвращения столицы в Первопрестольную / отв. ред. И.И. Тучков, Л.С. Белоусов. – Санкт-Петербург : Алетейя, 2019. – C. 137–162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocho-Williams A. (2012). Russian and Soviet Diplomacy, 1900–39. London : Palgrave Macmillan, 227 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Очерки истории Министерства иностранных дел России. Т. 2 / под ред. И.С. Иванова. – Москва : Олма-пресс, 2002a. – 617 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kollontai A.M. (2001). Diplomatic diaries, vol. 1. Moscow : Academia, 527 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Очерки истории Министерства иностранных дел России. Т. 3 / под ред. И.С. Иванова. – Москва : Олма-пресс, 2002b. – 419 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kononova M.M. (2002). Activities of diplomats of the tsarist and Provisional governments in 1917–1938. Voprosy istorii, no. 3, pp. 105–118 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Последняя служебная записка Г.В. Чичерина // Источник. – 1995. – № 6. – С. 99–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenin V.I. (1968). Complete Works, vol.  21. Moscow  : Politizdat, 671  pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Собрание узаконений и распоряжений правительства за 1917–1918 гг. – Москва : Управление делами Совнаркома СССР, 1942. – 1483 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenin V.I. (1969). Complete Works, vol.  37, Moscow  : Politizdat, 748  pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хормач И.А. Советское государство на международной конференции в Генуе по экономическим и финансовым вопросам. 10 апреля – 19 мая 1922 г. // Новая и новейшая история. – 2020. – № 3. – С. 80–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenin V.I. (1970). Complete Works, vol.  44, Moscow  : Politizdat, 725  pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чуев Ф.И. Сто сорок бесед с Молотовым: Из дневника Ф. Чуева. – Москва : Терра, 1991. – 623 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maysky I.M. (1964). Memoirs of the Soviet Ambassador. Moscow : Nauka, 462 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шейнис З.С. Максим Максимович Литвинов: революционер, дипломат, человек. – Москва : Издательство политической литературы, 1989. – 430 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mérand F., Pouliot V. (2008). Le monde de Pierre Bourdieu: Éléments pour une théorie sociale des relations internationales. Revue canadienne de science politique, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 603–625.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эренбург И.Г. Собрание сочинений. Т. 7. – Москва : Художественная литература, 2000. – 861 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikonov V.A. (2016). Molotov: Our cause is just, vol.  2. Moscow  : Molodaya Gvardya, 524 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрлихман В.В. Леонид Красин. Красный лорд. – Москва : Вече, 2022. – 416 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Connor T.E. (1991). Georgy Chicherin and Soviet foreign policy, 1918-1930. Moscow : Progress, 320 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adler-Nissen, R. Symbolic Power in European Diplomacy: The Struggle Between National Foreign Services and the EU’s External Action Service // Review of International Studies. – 2014. – Vol. 40, N. 4. – P. 657–681. – DOI: 10.1017/ S0260210513000326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ocherki… (2002a). Ivanov  I.S. (ed.). Essays on the history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, vol. 2. Moscow : OLMA-PRESS, 617 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bull H. The anarchical society: A study of order in world politics. – New York : Columbia University Press, 2002. – 329 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ocherki… (2002b). Ivanov  I.S. (ed.). Essays on the history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, vol. 3. Moscow : OLMA-PRESS, 419 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carley M.J. A Soviet Eye on France from the rue de Grenelle in Paris, 1924– 1940 // Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft. – 2006. – Vol. 17, N 2. – P. 295–346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osokina E.A. (1999). Behind the facade of “Stalin’s abundance”. Distribution and market in the supply of the population during the years of industrialization. 1927–1941. Moscow : ROSSPEN, 271 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Churchill W.S. The Second World War. Vol. 1, The Gathering Storm. – New York : Harper Paperbacks, 1986. – 724 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostapenko A.I. (2019). Organizational construction of the NKID of the RSFSR in the Petrograd period and the move of the Soviet government to Moscow in  March 1918. In: Tuchkov I.I., Belousov L.S. (eds.). The move of the Soviet government to Moscow. On the 100th anniversary of the return of the capital to Moscow. Saint-Petersurg : Aleteya, pp. 137–162 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Debo R. G.V. Chicherin: A Historical Perspective // Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917– 1991: A Retrospective / Ed. by G. Gorodetsky. – London : Routledge, 1994. – P. 21–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pope A.U. (1943). Maxim Litvinoff. New York : Secker &amp; Warburg, 530 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haslam J. Litvinov, Stalin and the Road Not Taken // Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917– 1991: A Retrospective / Ed. by G. Gorodetsky. – London : Routledge, 1994. – P. 55–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poslednyaya sluzhebnaya… (1995). The last memo of G.V.  Chicherin. Istochnik, no. 6, pp. 99–112 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson P. Pierre Bourdieu, the “cultural turn” and the practice of international history // Review of International Studies. – 2008. – Vol. 34, N 1. – P. 155–181. – DOI: 10.1017/S026021050800795X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pouliot V. (2010). International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO – Russia Diplomacy. Cambridge  : Cambridge University Press, 290 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocho-Williams A. Russian and Soviet Diplomacy, 1900–39. – London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. – 227 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sending O.J. (2011). United by difference: Diplomacy as a thin culture. International Journal, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 643–659. DOI: 10.1177/00207020110660030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mérand F., Pouliot V. Le monde de Pierre Bourdieu: Éléments pour une théorie sociale des relations internationales // Revue canadienne de science politique. – 2008. – Vol. 41, N 3. – P. 603–625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senn A.E. (1974). Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to  Switzerland, 1918. Notre Dame, Indiana : Notre Dame University Press, 221 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pope A.U. Maxim Litvinoff. – New York : Secker &amp; Warburg, 1943. – 530 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheinis Z.S. (1989). Maxim Maksimovich Litvinov: revolutionary, diplomat, man. Moscow : Izdatel’stvo politicheskoy literatury, 430 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pouliot V. International Security in Practice: The Politics of NATO – Russia Diplomacy. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010. – 290 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobraniye… (1942). Collection of laws and government orders for 1917–1918. Moscow : Administration of Affairs of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars, 1483 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sending O.J. United by difference: Diplomacy as a thin culture // International Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 66, N 3. – P. 643– 659. – DOI: 10.1177/00207020110660030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone J. (2021). So many butterflies: Isaiah Berlin and the challenge of strategy. Journal of  Strategic Studies, vol.  44, no.  5, pp.  640–660. DOI: 10.1080/ 01402390.2019.1612376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senn A.E. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918. – Notre Dame, Indiana : Notre Dame University Press, 1974. – 221 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Times Survey of the Foreign Ministries of the World (1982). Steiner Z. (ed.). London : Times Book, 624 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone J. So many butterflies: Isaiah Berlin and the challenge of strategy // Journal of Strategic Studies. – 2021. – Vol. 44, N 5. – P. 640–660. – DOI: 10.1080/ 01402390.2019.1612376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V.I. Lenin i VChK… (1975). V.I.  Lenin and the Cheka. Collection of documents (1917–1922). Moscow : Politizdat, 679 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Times Survey of the Foreign Ministries of the World / Ed. by Z. Steiner. – London : Times Book, 1982. – 624 P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaïsse M. (1985). L’adaptation du Quai d’Orsay aux nouvelles conditions diplomatiques (1919–1939). Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol.  32, no.  1, pp. 145–162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaïsse M. L’adaptation du Quai d’Orsay aux nouvelles conditions diplomatiques (1919–1939) // Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine. – 1985. – Vol. 32, N 1. – P. 145–162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vatlin A.Yu. (2009). Comintern: Ideas, Decisions, destinies. Moscow  : ROSSPEN, 2009, 374 pp. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson D. The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930 // The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The Politburo, 1924–1953 / Ed. by E.A. Rees. – Basingstoke, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. – P. 134–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vershinin A.A. (2020). At the origins of Soviet-French military cooperation: the mission of B.M.  Simonov in France (1932–1933). Rossiyskaya istoriya, no.  3, pp. 52–66 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson D. (2004). The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930. In: Rees  E.A. (ed.). The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The  Politburo, 1924–1953. Basingstoke, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 134–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson D. (2004). The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930. In: Rees  E.A. (ed.). The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The  Politburo, 1924–1953. Basingstoke, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 134–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
